The Volokh Conspiracy
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Interesting New Book on Unenumerated Rights in State Constitutions
Baby Ninth Amendments, by Anthony Sanders
I thought readers might be interested in a new book published by Anthony Sanders of the Institute for Justice: Baby Ninth Amendments. Here is the description:
Listing every right that a constitution should protect is hard. American constitution drafters often list a few famous rights such as freedom of speech, protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, and free exercise of religion, plus a handful of others. But there are an infinite number of rights a constitution could protect. However many rights are put in a constitution, others are going to be left out. So what is a constitution drafter to do? Luckily, early in American history a few drafters found an easier way: an "etcetera clause." It states that there are other rights beyond those specifically listed. The most famous etcetera clause is the Ninth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." Yet scholars are divided on whether the Ninth Amendment itself actually does protect unenumerated rights, and the Supreme Court has almost entirely ignored it. Regardless of what the Ninth Amendment means, however, things are much clearer when it comes to state constitutions. Two-thirds of state constitutions have equivalent provisions, or "Baby Ninth Amendments," worded similarly to the Ninth Amendment.
This book is the story of how the "Baby Ninths" came to be, what they mean, and what they tell us about unenumerated rights more generally. Unlike the controversy surrounding the Ninth Amendment, the meaning of the Baby Ninths is straightforward: they protect individual rights that are not otherwise enumerated. They are an "etcetera, etcetera" at the end of a bill of rights. This book argues that state judges should do their duty and live up to their own constitutions to protect the rights "retained by the people" that these "etcetera clauses" are designed to guarantee. The fact that Americans have adopted these provisions so many times in so many states demonstrates that unenumerated rights are not only protected by state constitutions, but that they are popular. Unenumerated rights are not a weird exception to American constitutional law. They are at the center of it. We should start treating constitutions accordingly.
There's much more, and a free copy of the first chapter, at this website. [UPDATE: In fact, you can download the entire book for free, as an e-book, here.]
My own tentative view of the Ninth Amendment to the federal Constitution is that it both serves as a rule of construction for the enumerated powers -- reminding us not to use the enumeration of rights to infer that the government would otherwise have had the power to abridge them -- and also serves to preserve the general law rights of citizens, a body of general law rights that turn out to be central to understanding the Fourteenth Amendment (as a new co-authored draft will argue).
Sanders argues that both of those views of the Ninth Amendment (which are not really original to me) are an awkward fit with the history and structure of "Baby Ninth Amendments." Maybe that awkwardness can ultimately be squared -- though Sanders doesn't think so -- but regardless that makes this an interesting and useful contribution in thinking about unenumerated rights more generally.
