Good Luck Qualifying for New Tax Credits on Electric Cars
The Inflation Reduction Act extended tax credits for buying electric vehicles, but the requirements will put them out of reach for most customers.
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) appropriated $369 billion toward cutting U.S. carbon emissions 40 percent by 2030, including tax credits for purchasing electric vehicles (EVs).
But good luck qualifying for them.
Since 2010, a U.S. taxpayer purchasing an electric car could claim a nonrefundable tax credit of up to $7,500. However, only 200,000 credits could be claimed per automaker. Tesla, General Motors, and Toyota have all reached the limit.
The IRA removes the manufacturer cap and introduces a new credit of up to $4,000 toward a used EV, which could help anybody who can't or doesn't want to buy brand new. But the law also established several prerequisites that a vehicle must meet to qualify.
Since August, vehicles have been subject to a "final assembly" requirement, which says the car's final assembly must have occurred in North America. That single restriction is complicated, as you can see from the Department of Energy's list of eligible vehicles. The agency recommends that shoppers research cars by Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) to determine eligibility. Those requirements carry over into 2023.
Starting January 1, individuals earning over $150,000 per year or households earning over $300,000 will no longer qualify for the EV tax credit. Electric cars that retail for more than $55,000, and electric trucks and SUVs over $80,000, are also not eligible. According to Kelley Blue Book, the average price for an EV is over $65,000.
Under the IRA, the credit also depends on the materials used to assemble a vehicle's batteries. Certain minerals—chiefly lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, and graphite—are essential to constructing the lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. Starting in 2023, qualifying for half of the $7,500 credit requires that 40 percent of the minerals used to assemble an E.V.'s battery be sourced from the U.S. or a country with which it has a free-trade agreement. To qualify for the other half, 50 percent of the battery's parts must be sourced domestically or from a free-trade partner. Each of these percentages will increase over subsequent years.
In December, the Treasury Department suspended the mineral requirement until March, when it can issue final rules. But notably, the law requires that starting in 2024, no battery parts can be sourced from a "foreign entity of concern," such as Russia or China. The same requirement applies to minerals the following year.
That provision was inserted at the insistence of Sen. Joe Manchin (D–W. Va.), who said of the bill, "I don't believe that we should be building a transportation mode on the backs of foreign supply chains." But China controls between 60 and 80 percent of the world's critical EV minerals, and it manufactures more than 75 percent of all EV batteries. The U.S. imports more than half of every single one of the critical minerals listed above, including 100 percent of its manganese and graphite and 76 percent of its cobalt.
Manchin's provision is consistent with the Biden administration's overall "Buy American" policy, prioritizing domestic production even if a product can be made cheaper (or better) overseas. Free trade across borders is a net benefit for both buyers and sellers. Meanwhile, economic protectionism like "Buy American" harms consumers and isolates allies.
The E.V. tax credit is a convoluted mess. Because of the Treasury delay, most automakers will likely be able to offer half of the credit for two months. Then for the rest of the year, only certain models will qualify, forcing customers to check each individual car or truck to see. Finally, next year, fewer and fewer vehicles will qualify at all, as the U.S. is unable to source necessary materials from politically-favored places. Perplexingly, Treasury announced in late December that leases would be exempt from all sourcing and assembly requirements and eligible for the full $7,500 credit.
Subsidies drive up prices, as do rules that create scarcity further up the supply chain. If the Biden administration secretly wanted to slow down electric vehicle adoption while claiming to boost it, they could not have come up with a better plan.
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But they DID SOMETHING!!!
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Applause! Applause! Well said.
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But did they think of the children? Granted, when democrats think of children, they either want to kill them in the womb or fuck the ones who make it out alive.
You know who else at least DID SOMETHING?
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If we are to compare dissimilar woke projects, let’s look at fake meat. When the market was discovered various manufacturers jumped in and, with sales doubling every two years, it seemed that the sky was the limit. Eventually fake meat reached 5% of the market, and stalled. Turns out only about 5% of Americans wanted to eat the stuff, and most of those willing to give it a try didn’t like it.
It was not the wave of the future, but rather something only some Americans wanted.
EVs will probably be something like that. Progressives eager to both save the environment and show off their wealth buy them and talk about them endlessly, but most of us can’t afford them and are leery about range and recharging issues. The government can force those of us with the money to buy one, but most will have to either keep a clunker on the road, like a bigger Cuba, or take the bus.
Of course, the government could outlaw real meat and make the fake meat market take off again too.
Of course, the government could outlaw real meat and make the fake meat market take off again too.
Stretching the analogy maybe a bit too far: We, America, criminally indicted a German beef producer for manipulating his cows’ emissions calculations. The US currently regards him as a fugitive from justice and large portions of the US and global population are thoroughly convinced it was a moral good on par with supporting the Ukraine.
There is no peak insanity.
“EVs will probably be something like that.”
I disagree. Given time, I do believe that EVs will become quite popular — they do need to evolve more through better technology, primarily in the area of batteries, however. I remember the time that the head of 3M didn’t even bother to protect a piece of software (the visual model) we know as “Windows” because he didn’t think the average person would ever want a computer. Bill Gates saw it, stole it, and, well, yeah.
On the other hand, the more the government gets involved in the process, the longer it will take, and the more expensive, at least to the taxpayers, it will be.
Just let the market decide.
How much in subsidies and government propaganda pushing for it are you willing to accept for the transition?
“How much in subsidies and government propaganda pushing for it are you willing to accept for the transition?”
Jesse — did you miss the last sentence in my post: “Let the market decide.”
How much should the government invest in subsidies? Not one dollar. Of course, they’ve already invested tons of cash, but better to stop later then never, yes?
Electric can’t compete with the energy efficiency of gasoline.
A free market would reduce EVs.
And good luck charging your EV during a brownout or a rolling blackout. These will become more common. But governments and power companies will “memory hole” the statistics regarding frequency of power outages.
Can’t pump gas during a blackout.
But I can have 10 gallons stashed in my garage. And easily transfer gas from one vehicle to another.
Ok, so battery back up?
Musk tried that stunt to show ‘rapid refill’ by battery swap. Once.
That 300 mile backup will cost me about $50 for gas and about $10,000 for electricity. And only one is portable.
To don’t look at me!
Here in Florida, all gas stations are required to have backup generators.
So after a hurricane, when the power is routinely off, you can still pump gas.
And of course if it’s just a blackout, then the back up generator will pump the gas at least until the fuel runs out.
The same people pushing EV’s are the same people strangling our grid.
Oh, you live in California too?
Google pays $100 per hour. My last paycheck was $3500 working 40 hours a week online. My younger brother’s friend has been averaging 12000 for months now and he works about 30 hours a week. I can’t believe how easy it was once.
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“Electric can’t compete with the energy efficiency of gasoline. A free market would reduce EVs.”
In my neighborhood, my hybrid, in hybrid mode, it costs $.075 per mile for gasoline. On battery-only mode, it costs $.03. Those are the real numbers.
You conveniently ignore the “without subsidies” part.
“You conveniently ignore the “without subsidies” part.”
Subsidies? Gasoline from the pump and power from the grid are taxed. Those are put-of-pocket costs for me. Nobody “subsidized” my Toyota or my Wrangler.
Gasoline has higher energy density than typical EV batteries, that is true.
However, the EV engines are more efficient than traditional gasoline-powered IC engines.
So the two effects partially cancel out.
Nope. You’re trying to obfuscate. As usual. You should stick to your open borders bullshit, and your pro grooming, pedophile friendly agendas. You suck at energy policy.
If you chart the improvement in energy density of rechargeable batteries used in cars, it has improved a lot since 1980. However, the improvement is flattening out as physical limits are being reached. If you make something that gets 100% of theoretical power, the possibilities for further advancement seem limited.
Windows was built on visual elements stolen from Xerox and Apple (who partially stole it from Xerox), built on a code foundation purchased from IBM.
I assume your 3M was a typo.
And much of it originating in the brilliant mind of Douglas Engelbart.
“I assume your 3M was a typo.”
You would be correct. Either that or a brain fart. My bad.
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This is an overly-simplistic, partisan-tainted analysis.
I know plenty of conservatives who drive Teslas. And just as into showing off their status as any California liberal.
My very conservative farmer and rancher relatives, who have a deep interest in everything mechanical, have been following news about and fascinated by electric vehicles since the days of whiz bang articles in Popular Mechanics decades ago.
Do you divide everyone by politics as their primary adjective?
To be fair to Mike, many of them already do it themselves.
I must be doing something right if an asshole like JesseAz keeps ankle biting my comments.
MUTE HIM!
Mike pronouns are conservative/liberal.
And here I thought they were dipstick/jackass.
Those are his middle names.
Yeah, people who buy for badge status exist across the political spectrum. So? No real American wants this forced into them. Only democrats.
You will eat fake meat and be happy.
The global war on agriculture has just begun. Soon the only thing a farmer will be legally allowed to grow is soybean. Genetically modified soybeans.
Within twenty years it will be a criminal act to eat actual meat.
Of course by then you will own nothing.
and be happy.
Don’t you want to SAVE THE PLANET!!! HUH?
Well, the batteries seem to be doing an excellent job of destroying the planet, and we haven’t addressed the coming disposal issue.
My sister in law bought a hybrid early on, and the battery is now useless. She can’t afford to replace it, so now she has a very inefficient internal combustion vehicle.
But she still gets to virtue signal as she drives around. That has to be worth something, right?
I for one love all the stories of $4k replacements for tail lights on EVs.
“I for one love all the stories of $4k replacements for tail lights on EVs.”
That must be a Tesla. On mine, it’s about $450 to have the dealer do it. Install them myself, including new lenses, and it’s about $150. I installed LED headlights on my Wrangler for just over $100. The dealer wanted $750.
You can buy a Tesla tail light for under $80
https://www.ebay.com/itm/295070825633?fits=Make%3ATesla&hash=item44b3977ca1:g:VzEAAOSwSw1ivWvc&amdata=enc%3AAQAHAAAA4HFU57WQ0K4ACQltbKiNHjpKbxOqv9kZDUEYHFdXZu6IosrwdoYGDak%2FGA4pGSuJTm4k52CkeyCSclGo3QNNAPXXW031Zkw3pS0jIh6dDdtOquc3bD3PnlRpv37Y3spD7krP4MXh4Ep%2BqVlJ6o6KDL%2BExsnNnKg7k4qqSmXpNSCjciO37wXHw2nl43114UGyDX%2Ba%2FHqS1TlzhfqzRN5iPhClS3yDmFo55BjlZR9Kjqc3i%2B%2B4ox808qdwccML3HQFtajh9eopArzl6yZnvaOpMJSDxI6NArKZGVg1LwbvMVoS%7Ctkp%3ABk9SR-b3k-utYQ
“You can buy a Tesla tail light for under $80…”
But with inflation, it might be 4K by now!
Not hard to find the stories given the information.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/autos/news/electric-vehicle-owner-learns-replacing-a-tail-light-costs-over-4-000/ar-AA13oEzG
It’s a bit of an indictment of robotics, which can pack everything into a tight assembly too small for adult hands to fit.
That necessitates getting the smallest gearhead on the block to come by and stick her little hand in there to change a bulb. If she’s not around, you’ll end up paying a lot of coin to replace the entire assembly.
Damned robots.
“all” the stories….here is one story about a super fringe vehicle. Meanwhile the best selling EV costs well under 100
Subsidies drive up prices, as do rules that create scarcity further up the supply chain. If the Biden administration secretly wanted to slow down electric vehicle adoption while claiming to boost it, they could not have come up with a better plan.
What part of “EV’s are just really popular!” do you guys not understand? It’s like you don’t know how free markets work!
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Wonder if Reason will cover the new book showing upwards of 70% of cobalt used in EV batteries is farmed with child and slave labor in the Congo.
It isnt as glamorous or important as a rich white girl with tats who went to prison for selling drugs. But may be worth reading.
Imagine a 40-yr.-old white dude, who was a “5-star” HS football recruit who got hooked on heroin and screwed up his career at the age of 17, being described as “a football player and a felon”.
People would pity his obsession with his squandered youth. The meta-ness is a little mind-blowing.
White dudes are the undesirables.
Dare I look to see if Reason covered that movie?
Al BundY???
Biden administration fucked it up. More news at 11:00.
Don’t worry. The money will be spent. It will end up in China. Fret naught friend.
Don’t forget, 10% for the big guy.
“If the Biden administration secretly wanted to slow down electric vehicle adoption while claiming to boost it, they could not have come up with a better plan.”
See, what happened was the Central Committee failed to notify the Politburo about the failed invasion of Ukraine, so the Secretariat handed off inaccurate data to Gosplan for their FIve Year Plan. Taking into account that the Peoples Democratic Party has never achieved a single goal of any Five Year Plan to date, nevertheless Sovnarkom went ahead and provided the input to the Centralnaya revizionnaya komissiya for enforcement. Not to worry, though – the Committee for State Security will see to it that the appropriate revanchists and counter-revolutionaries are sent to the lithium mines in Alyeska when it hits the fan!
^ This post has been flagged for removal by Glavlit for anti-Soviet content.
Looks like we taxpayers got lucky; probably by accident (like turd telling the truth), whoever wrote the rules made it harder to give away taxpayers’ money.
Looks good from here.
The money will get spent.
Yes, they just made leases to qualify for the rebate. Just pulled it out of their asses.
“Yes, they just made leases to qualify for the rebate. Just pulled it out of their asses.”
Yep. Predicted next step: special tax incentives for commercial fleets.
But only with union drivers?
“But only with union drivers?”
But of course….
Rules that reduce someone’s taxes — a tax credit — to lower than they would be by other rules is … giving away taxpayers’ money?
This has been argued both ways for a long time.
“Rules that reduce someone’s taxes — a tax credit — to lower than they would be by other rules is … giving away taxpayers’ money?”
I don’t think that NOT giving away tax credits for EVs is going to make much of a dent in a thirty-one-trillion-dollar debt. Besides, much of the money they are going to “give away” is borrowed, anyway. Tax “reductions” are a shell game unless tied to reduced spending.
Tax credits against an income go back to the tax payer.
Tax credits for a product do not. Manufacturers increase the costs to the amount of the subsidy. When this policy was announced most EVs increased just under the expected subsidy amount.
This has been discussed often. You seem to admit it. Maybe understand it this time?
From August.
https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/24/23319794/ev-price-increase-used-cars-analysis-iseecars
Another.
https://lidblog.com/bidens-ev-tax-credit/
Citing “significant material cost increases and other factors,” Ford’s announcement revealed price hikes between $6,000 and $8,500 for its electric vehicles. The F-150 Lightning Pro, for example, will sell for $46,974 — a $7,000 increase from the $39,947 charged for last year’s model. GM likewise increased the cost of its electric Hummer by $6,250 last month.
.
The price hikes are comparable to the $7,500 tax credits for new electric vehicles included in the $740 billion Inflation Reduction Act, which currently awaits President Joe Biden’s signature. The legislation earmarks a total of $369 billion to combat “the existential crisis of climate change,” according to remarks from Biden.
Got lucky in terms of not getting the worst possible L among the choice of Ls. Otherwise, it’s like saying taxpayers got lucky that the lottery funds public schools, alcohol taxes fund women’s shelters, and tolls fund interstate highways.
Sure, we aren’t paying to support both EVs and their corrupted, bloated incentive structure… yet.
The authors final comment is too narrow. If you wanted to destroy the US what would you different from biden
“The IRA removes the manufacturer cap and introduces a new credit of up to $4,000 toward a used EV, which could help anybody who can’t or doesn’t want to buy brand new. But the law also established several prerequisites that a vehicle must meet to qualify.
“Since August, vehicles have been subject to a “final assembly” requirement, which says the car’s final assembly must have occurred in North America.”
What if I just agree to split the $4000 with the UAW?
O/T: Best and Worst of 2022.
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/23520592/politics-year-rewind-review-2022-worst-moments
Vampires, werewolves, Kanye, fish, and ISIS all make appearances.
What, you couldn’t even use the “respectable” MSM, so you when to vox?
Are you going to stalk me and make mocking insulting comments on everything that I write? Don’t turn into a Jesse.
I don’t care about everything you write, I just find it funny that an institutionalist like yourself chose to use an outfit founded on the premise that the media wasn’t far left enough as the “best/worst” of anything.
“institutionalist” = chemjeff doesn’t exclusively cite right-wing media.
Cite?
Institutionalist = Jeff always gives deferention and the benefit of the doubt to institutions like schools and the government.
Poor sarc.
“Are you going to stalk me and make mocking insulting comments on everything that I write? Don’t turn into a Jesse.”
Hypocrite much? That’s literally what you do to Jesse, and me as well.
Lol. I didn’t even respond to him.
So youre on top of sarcs list. Guess I’m on top of Jeff’s.
I like how he states actial logical responses to his idiocy to be mere mocking. It is why he will never admit his views are wrong.
As for insults, my opinion of him being a post modern globalist who leans far left and espouses grooming children is backed by his own posting history.
Sarc loves BOTH of you. All he did with me is threaten to come kick my ass. Until I invited him to come and do it. Now he hides from me like the little bitch that he is.
Haha, you still posted a vox link, Lefty Jeffy.
I Vox is a very Jeffy place.
Vox, seriously? They make MSDNC look moderate.
Reason: “You can’t get the tax credit because the tiles are too complicated. Also, the tax credit will drive up prices.”
Yeah, makes sense.
How about the simple libertarian position of: “no special subsidies for any industry”?
Geez, then why even have government?
it’s not like this is the first time the Biden administration has made a useless gesture – remember when he pardoned all the federal prisoners who were in jail strictly for marijuana possession and it turns out there are no such persons fitting the description?
Airport employee sucked into jet engine:
https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/alabama-airport-employee-sucked-plane-engine
Wow, there must have been nothing but hamburger on the other side. Well at least it would be quick.
I can’t imagine how traumatic the explosion of chum from the exhaust nozzle was for the guy’s coworkers.
Yikes. More details here if anyone is curious:
https://onemileatatime.com/news/american-airlines-ramper-sucked-into-engine/
It will be interesting to read the NTSB report when complete. I’m more than certain that a number of steps were missed or ignored leading to this. My guess is that someone tried to hurry up as the plane was 20 minutes behind schedule.
Soon to replace wood chippers?
“But China controls between 60 and 80 percent of the world’s critical EV minerals,”
This is a common misunderstanding. China does not ‘control’ rare earths (because they’re not rare and are actually common). They are a barely profitable supplier and immediately lost their ‘dominance’ the last time they tried to control the market.
As for things like lithium, etc – also widely available in other countries.
China is one of few countries not beholden to governments themselves beholden to the energy activists. China was very active in taking control of African mining.
But what if profit is not a metric (or goal)?
Then it will fail.
Keep telling yourself that.
Then the CCP sells rare earths for less than market price.
And the instant they try to squeeze supply another mine somewhere else in the world – including in the US as actually happened – opens up and sells.
“… As for things like lithium, etc – also widely available in other countries.”
Indeed. And one of the largest deposits of lithium in the world (somewhere between 1 and 6 million metric tons) is in the Salton Sea in CA.
https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2022/02/22/lithium-beneath-the-salton-sea/#:~:text=Lithium%20beneath%20the%20Salton%20Sea%20The%20geothermal%20field,Berkeley%20Lab%20study%20aims%20to%20evaluate%20the%20resource.
Furthermore, the new hot field of research for batteries is sodium-ion batteries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery
There are even versions that do not use any cobalt. Just sodium, iron, manganese and oxygen. All very abundant.
So even if one were genuinely concerned about the relative scarcity of lithium or cobalt, their alternatives are rapidly coming to the market.
“So even if one were genuinely concerned about the relative scarcity of lithium or cobalt, their alternatives are rapidly coming to the market”
Exactly. There was a time, not that long ago, when a D-sized battery that could be recharged was a pipe-dream.
And by “not that long ago”, you mean “more than half a century ago”?
“‘And by “not that long ago”, you mean “more than half a century ago”?’
Something like that. Comfortably within my lifespan.
No they are not. Wife’s company decided to go all electric and got an electric yard truck. Unfortunately, it’s 3x the price of a diesel, someone forgot to include the charging station and also forgot to ask the local power company if the grid could support them if the entire fleet went electric. Not a chance said the power company.
Sodium ion batteries are about 30% cheaper than lithium-ion batteries.
But sodium-ion batteries are also larger, heavier, charge slower, hold a charge worse, and perform worse in other ways.
Given how marginal EVs are already, those differences make EVs even less attractive.
Operating temperature is also a big concern. Especially in cold climates.
Especially when winter storms bring freezing temps to most of the country.
Tesla owners found out the hard way, their car batteries do not take a charge very well if at all when it’s cold. Even the charging stations failed.
I’ve been told that electric will lose half the range in cold weather and take 2-3 times to charge. They will also refuse to charge if it gets too cold, you know, like in winter.
Who could have possibly foreseen this?!?!
China is willing to eat the cost of the environmental destruction that results from extracting lithium and rare earths. Other nations are not.
So, in effect, China is subsidizing EV production by sacrificing their environment. Without that subsidy, EVs would be even more expensive and less competitive than they already are.
Shit you already knew, but a reminder seems appropriate in the spirit of the season.
Biden Family Disowns Hunter’s 4-Year-Old Daughter, Remains “Estranged From The Child”
https://www.zerohedge.com/political/biden-family-disowns-hunters-4-year-old-daughter-remains-estranged-child
What’s her skin color?
They actually are petitioning the judge to disallowing the kid the Biden name. It is amazing.
She could still change her last name to Brandon, right?
The kid is better off. That family is a den of pedophilic rapists. So no wonder Shrike and Chemjeff love the Bidens so much.
It would be really cool if, 20 yrs. down the road, the daughter turns out to be an ex-Special Forces badass intent on hunting down her half siblings and cousins, and killing them in her ascent to her proper place on the throne.
Robbie gets a sad.
Fauci Leaves a Broken Agency for His Successor | Opinion
https://www.newsweek.com/fauci-leaves-broken-agency-his-successor-opinion-1770215
—– appropriated $369 billion ——
330M people @ 27.5% working = 91M
369,000M / 91M = $4,054/each for this Armed-Theft stunt.
10,000miles-yr/38mpg = 263gal-gas/yr * 91M = 24B gal-gas
24B gallons x $2.65/gal = $63B
The Nazi’s just spent 6x more than the cost of !!!every!!! working persons gas to keep them away from gas. F’En idiots.
Reasons take-away.. It wasn’t enough easy enough!
Libertarian? My *ss!.
Your point is correct, but assumption on mpg is wrong.
Average Fuel Economy for model year 2020 vehicles increased to a record 25.4 miles per gallon (mpg), 0.5 mpg more than the average for model year 2019.
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-report-us-cars-achieve-record-high-fuel-economy-and-low-emission-levels-companies
Are we comparing to the EV market?
Because in that rice-burner market 38mpg is plenty lenient.
And as records show anything as-big or bigger than an explorer is an EV waste of time.
Joe Lancaster: “These subsidies are bad, and they’re far too hard to get!”
Government needs to stay out of business.
No more subsidies, no more bailouts, no more welfare programs for startups either.
Furthermore those who have lived off welfare all their lives should not be allowed to vote either.
+100000000 excellent straight forward comment.
I have long said that no one who receives a paycheck from a government should be allowed to vote in that government’s jurisdiction. Meaning teachers too. And mosquito abatement officers. Ditto.
But that’s just a wish, and not at all constitutional.
Ironically; Business Subsidies aren’t Constitutional.
The USA isn’t a democracy; and believing it into existence is exactly conquering the USA.
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Got a new car last week. 2023 model.
Is it electric? Nope. Not even hybrid. Was considering hybrid, but I really don’t drive enough to make the premium upcharge for a hybrid worth it to me. Since there is a direct correlation between carbon emissions and mileage, I am actually far more carbon free than most hybrid drivers. And with just one lead acid battery, I’m not destroying the environment through rare earth mining.
And simply no infrastructure here in my state (Kalifornia) to support electric. I park in a car port at home, not an enclosed garage. And I ain’t gonna do the constant car juggle at work to get access to one of two charging stations for two hundred employees. Sheesh.
So yeah, plain old gasoline burner. But with all the new electronics and gizmos. And without the green premium price.
Only government can make everything complicated like this.
It is in the US’s strategic interest to develop its lithium reserves in Nevada and lanthanide (rare earths) reserves in California near Death Valley. We used to mine our own lanthanides until China undercut us on cost.
It is the height of foolishness for us to become reliant upon any nation as ambitious and powerful as China. An empty-headed dedication to free markets above all else opens the door for authoritarian states to put us under their thumbs.
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