The Volokh Conspiracy
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Judge William Young Should Retire
Last month I wrote a post about Judge William Young of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts.
I offered this unsolicited advice:
Judge Young turns 85 later this month. He has had a distinguished judicial career spanning half a century. A lot has changed since he graduated law school in 1967. Perhaps this apology provides a moment to reconsider where his talents and efforts are best suited.
Judge Young did not take my advice. Instead, he styled a judicial decision as a 161-page letter to an anonymous postcard writer. It began in this fashion:

And closed like this:

I offer no comments on the merits here. Instead, I see the case of a judge who has forgotten what the judicial role is. Perhaps Judge Young has been led astray by zealous clerks who are taking advantage of the situation. Perhaps Judge Young is ignoring advice from friends and colleagues, and wrote this decision himself. Or perhaps there is some other situation at hand. I don't know.
Judge Young should step down. Article III offers life tenure, not a life sentence. Judge Young already took senior status during the early Biden Administration, so Trump cannot name his replacement. And Young's absence would have no negative impact on restraining President Trump. Indeed, quite the opposite would be true. Any other judge in Boston could reach the same result, with an opinion that is far less likely to be reversed. To paraphrase William F. Buckley, I would rather be governed by the first 2,000 people in the Boston telephone directory than by Judge Young.
Let this 161-page decision be Judge Young's magnum, and farewell, opus.
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Josh goes "waaah".
Classy.
More like he goes "Judge is stupid" and we should all agree.
What a small and disagreeable man Blackman proves himself to be.
Again.
At one point in this blog's long and storied history, there was a way of changing the URL so that it would eliminate the posts of a certain author.
If I could do that and eliminate Blackman, the frequency of my visits (which have trailed off greatly in the past year or so) would return to normal. I get no value in seeing someone state predictable positions based on preferred political outcomes.
Why would you do that? You hate great posts?
You mean what a smart and honorable man he is, unlike the Judge.
Judge Young may be old, but he is not an Ernst-Janning/Emily Bove fascist lackey for Trump and his gestapo. So let him stay until he can be replaced with a judge as good as he was.
He took senior status, which left a seat open for President Biden to fill. Judge Julia Kobick now fills it. He won't be replaced a second time.
Yes he is a guy who thinks guests here can hate people. No they can't.
"I offer no comments on the merits"
Josh's epitaph.
"I offer no proof that Josh is wrong"
QuantumBoxCat epitaph
Prof Somin, at 6:20 p.m.:
Prof. Blackman, at 8:56 p.m.: "Hold my beer."
"Any other judge in Boston could reach the same result, with an opinion that is far less likely to be reversed."
I'm reminded of Adam Liptak's aside in the middle of this recent New York Times story:
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/09/us/politics/heritage-foundation-constitution-book.html
Which part is the aside? The part that references Blackman's post calling on Roberts to step down, or the part that quotes Blackman as claiming that he is able to compartmentalize his writing into different lanes (popular writing and scholarship) with Blackman noting “When I’m writing sort of an advocacy piece, I’m trying to accomplish something, trying to make a point,” ... “And for better or worse, in our ecosystem, the way you get attention is sometimes to use stronger language. There’s just no way around it.”
Maybe Judge William Young is trying to accomplish something too, or get attention, but rather than split it into different lanes like Blackman, he used the two birds with one stone method. Blackman would probably say that, unlike Blackman himself, Judge William Young is only allowed one lane.
I don't know what Orin is referring to, but this caught my eye:
None of the members of the book’s advisory board were appointed by Democratic presidents. Most — 15 of the 18 — were appointed by Mr. Trump.
“I made a judgment and, you know, maybe it’s a good judgment or a bad judgment, that some more progressive judges might not want to work with Heritage,” Professor Blackman said in explaining the absence of Democratic appointees. He added that “progressives tend not to like originalism.”
It's a terrible judgment, but I guess Josh didn't want Heritage's book sullied by opposing views.
Can we just cut to the chase? Josh is a shameless, hypocritical hack, something Orin is far too polite and dignified to say.
Regarding Blackman's faux commitment to originalism, please see my post below.
Judge James Ho should resign.
(I'll pass on copy/paste.)
Gorsuch and Kavanaugh's attack on Judge Young was unwarranted. I don't think they should resign just for that.
Now, Justice Clarence Thomas ... there is a better case for that.
Perhaps Judge Young is ignoring advice from friends and colleagues, and wrote this decision himself.
Be rather impressive given the length.
Judge Ho should be impeached and removed for his knowing and willful violations of our Constitution. His conduct is the kind of "high Crimes" for which Article II of our Constitution expressly commands "all civil Officers" (including judges) "shall be removed from Office on Impeachment" and "Conviction."
Judge Ho abused his position to help lead other judges openly attacking and undermining "the freedom of speech" and "press" and "the right of the people" to "assemble" that is secured by the First Amendment.
Judge Ho's conduct purportedly under "color" of "law" or "custom" is criminal. It is a federal offense for any purported public servant to act “under” mere “color of any” legal authority or purported “custom” to “willfully” deprive "any person" of "any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution” or federal “laws” (18 U.S.C. § 242) or to “conspire” with anyone to “injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person” in "the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to” him “by the Constitution” or federal “laws” or because such person “exercised” such “right or privilege” (18 U.S.C. § 241).
I am certainly no fan of Judge James Ho, but application of 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and/or 242 require that the federal right which would be or has been deprived must be predicate upon prior decisions which, at the time of the questionable conduct, gave reasonable warning to the offender(s) that the conduct at issue violated constitutional rights. United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 268-272 (1997).
not guilty, Judge Ho knowing violated the First Amendment and other parts of our Constitution. Even SCOTUS has shown how. These are far from novel issues. The letter Judge Ho and 12 other federal judges signed expressly targeted students of certain universities, and it expressly did so in retaliation for the "viewpoint" of other students or faculty at such universities. The violation of the freedom of association and the violation of the freedom of speech (viewpoint discrimination) were especially clear.
Courts and judges “may not prohibit” any “modes of expression and association protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments” by merely invoking the mere general “power to regulate the legal profession.” N.A.A.C.P. v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 428-429 (1963). Judges “may not, under the [mere] guise of prohibiting professional misconduct, ignore” (knowingly violate) “constitutional rights.” Id. at 439. Clearly, “it is no answer” to the “constitutional claims” of law school students that the mere “purpose of” any “regulations” (court rules or rulings) “was merely to insure high professional standards.” Id. at 438-439.
In 1995 in Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia, SCOTUS emphasized that a public official targeting "particular views" commits "blatant" and "egregious" "violation of the First Amendment. Any "viewpoint discrimination" by any public servant is "presumed impermissible" (it presumably violates our Constitution) "when directed against speech" that was not proved (with clear and convincing evidence in court) to exceed "the forum's limitations."
I’d critique this, but I know it’s in line with Josh’s rock-solid dedication to clearing out the gerontocracy in the federal bench, starting with Pauline Newman.
Senility and poor quality work product are hardly confined to the Judicial Branch. To me, as I have observed since I was old enough to understand what I see, they seem to be equally distributed among the three Branches. Nominally, the course of electoral politics should work to shuffle the duffers off the House and Senate stages.
Of course this isn't foolproof. How could it be when almost all politicians seek the longest possible time in office, rather than 9-12 years of responsible service followed by a return to jobs and professions in their home communities?
It's all very well to advise judges serving in lifetime appointments. There certainly is evidence in this case suggesting that such advice is warranted. But what do you lawyer guys have to say about the lifetime appointments problem? We all saw the tragic end to Ruth Bader Ginsburg's service, as she declined in physical and mental capacities and died still in office. Should that be the norm for lifetime judges? We need a way to convince or even coerce judges to step down, the same way we finally get the car keys away from Mom and Pop. Unfortunately, to me it appears that Constitutional amendments would be necessary to end lifetime appointments altogether, or even to require judges to agree to periodic impartial medical and legal evaluations of their competence after, say, age 70.
Anyone can ramble incoherently with fewer words, such as, the first number of comments demonstrate, a lack of point or purpose highlight very well.
161 pages and no table of contents !?
Young is too old to know the decency of a written paper and double spacing points to the failure in purpose. In addition there's no abstract.
NvEric, if you'd like an abstract, please see my post below about the relevant parts of our Constitution.
No table of contents? I'm more concerned about the use of Courier font. I'd be for the mandatory retirement of any judge trying to fool us into thinking he or she is using a typewriter.
Although I think portions of this decision applying to immigrants who are not lawfully permanent residents may be overturned on appeal, this is by no means certain, and there is definitely a serious argument favoring Judge Young’s position. He is certainly in command of his faculties when it comes to opinion-writing.
I don’t recall Professor Blackman calling on Justice Scalia to resign when he made some of his famous forceful, provocative dissents. Why is this any different? Other than that Professor Blackman now disagrees with the opinion.
Judge Young clearly has a better grasp of (or more respect for) the principles in our Constitution than Blackman does. Even a comparison of Amendments I and II prove Judge Young is correct. The Second secured (and was expressly limited to) "the right of the people." The First more broadly secured "the freedom of speech, or of the press." Multiple provisions of our Constitution distinguish between citizens and the people and other persons.
Judge Hellerstein needs to retire. He's 91, and his rambling sentence and Jewish favoritism should be an impeachable offense.
https://nypost.com/2025/09/29/business/charlie-javice-sobs-as-shes-sentenced-to-7-years-in-prison-for-jpmorgan-fraud/
Why are right wing trolls so bad at trolling?
Again, Professor Blackman writes in a manner that speaks volumes about his paucity of integrity and even his competence as a purported professor of constitutional law. About an extremely important case about our Constitution, Blackman starts by admitting that he fears to offer "comments on the merits here."
Blackman's words are the words of someone who only pretends to be an originalist, who only pretends to care about our Constitution when it serves his patently partisan purposes. A professor of constitutional law who cared about our Constitution might offer comments such as the following about the merits. And this is not the first time the relevant parts of the controlling legal authorities have been presented to Blackman.
Judge Young was wrong about one thing crucial issue. It is true that "presidents have First Amendment rights." But it is not true that “there can be no constraint of any sort on the speech of the President of the United States, be that speech statesmanlike, magnanimous, and unifying or ‘foolish’ and ‘knavish.’ As President, he has the absolute and undoubted right to speak.”
This is a crucial point that all judges (and all lawyers and law professors and even all Americans) need to re-learn and learn to really respect. The starting point for a careful consideration of the powers of the president must begin with our Constitution's Preamble. It emphasized that "We the People" did "ordain and establish" our "Constitution" precisely to "establish Justice" and "secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves."
This is the heart and soul of our Constitution. It emphasizes a crucial, overarching principle that is only implicit in our Constitution's text and structure. As Justice James Wilson emphasized in 1793 in Chisholm v. Georgia, “the term SOVEREIGN” is not used in our “Constitution.” But the Preamble is the “one place where it could have been used with propriety.” Only those “who ordained and established” our “Constitution” could “have announced themselves ‘SOVEREIGN’ people of the United States.”
Justice Wilson highlighted how the first and foremost separation of powers in our Constitution is between the sovereign people and all public servants: “The PEOPLE of the United States” are “the first personages introduced.” After introducing the sovereign (the people), the text and structure of Articles I, II and III further emphasized the people’s sovereignty. They introduced our directly-elected representatives (Congress), then, our indirectly-elected representative (the president), and, last, our unelected representatives (judges). The people “vested” only limited powers in public servants in and under “Congress” (U.S. Const. Art. I, §1), the “President” (Art. II, §1) and the “supreme Court” and “inferior Courts” that “Congress” was delegated the power to “ordain and establish” (Art. III, §1).
After seeing the truth about the foregoing, then we can see the true significance of the oaths of office of our public servants. Article VI emphasizes that the first, foremost and constant duty of every legislator and "all executive and judicial Officers" (state and federal) is "to support" our "Constitution" in everything they do. Article II more specifically emphasizes that the president's first, foremost and constant duty is to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States" to "the best of" his "Ability."
The true significance of the oaths of office, the first sentences of Articles I, II and III (the people vesting limited powers in public servants) and the Preamble is clearly that no public servant--no legislator, no president, no judge, no DOJ attorney--was given any power to say whatever they want. Everything our public servants say must be to fulfill their oaths to support our Constitution.
I’m afraid that reciting passages from the manual of proper behavior for nuns in a monastery is going to have zero influence on the goings-on in a brothel. Whores don’t give a shit about your-body-is-your-temple modesty/purity crap.
The situation here is similar. We are dealing with people who don’t give a shit about obligations and who treat the intent behind and true significance of the constitution the way a safe-cracker treats the intent behind and true significance of a safe.
Will Mr. Trump suffer any actual consequences for what he said? Didn’t think so. Then why waste your time decorating toilet paper for him to wipe his ass with?
ReaderY, it should be clear that I'm not writing to or for Trump or the people who blindly serve or follow him. It's peculiar that you imply that our Constitution doesn't matter. Our Constitution empowered a district court judge to invalidate the conduct of the president and his entire administration. That's the very real power of our Constitution.
Massachusetts judges must retire by age 70. The job is either exempt from federal age discrimination law or grandfathered because the retirement age has been continuously in effect since prior to the federal ban on forced retirement.
Judge Young is a Federal judge, not a Massachusetts judge.
Same in New York, though judges (except those on our highest court) can be "certificated" for a few more years of service after they get poked and prodded and shown inkblots.
This is not widely known. I recently had to explain to a politically-connected relative who was thinking, for some reason, of trying to get me a judgeship that I am literally ineligible due to age.
Mr. Blackman has failed to offer any argument following his thesis statement that a certain judge should retire.
I think he believed that simply posting the judge's writing would itself speak Josh's claim.
But I have to toss Blackman's post for his primary failure to state a claim.
Blackman (a purported originalist) also lied about our Constitution. He knowingly misrepresented that "Article III offers life tenure." Article III did not use the words "life tenure," and it did not even imply life tenure. Article III in relevant part expressly provides only that all federal "Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour." That is not life tenure (nor is it a life sentence).
Only federal “judges” who “behave properly, will be secured in their places for life.” Federalist No. 79 (Alexander Hamilton). “The tenure by which the judges are to hold their places, is, as it unquestionably ought to be, that of good behavior.” Federalist No. 39 (James Madison). Ours is “a republic, where every magistrate ought to be personally responsible for his behavior in office.” Federalist No. 70 (Hamilton). Having “courts composed of judges holding their offices” only “during good behavior” is a “powerful means” for ensuring “the excellences of republican government may be retained and its imperfections lessened or avoided.” Federalist No. 9 (Hamilton).
Prof. Blackman,
WRONG. ... And, supposedly a "constitutional law professor".
Penultimate paragraph: "... Article III offers life tenure, ..."
Article. III., Section. 1., Clause 2: "... shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, ..."
"good Behaviour" well known to the Founders based on usage in the colonies and prior in England.
50 - 90 % of Article. III. judges should be removed from Office based on "bad Behaviour". "Cognitive decline" being only one of the qualifying factor/characteristics.
I skimmed the actual opinion and it looks logically constructed and well supported. Even if I might disagree with some of the judge's connections and conclusions, Blackman's style over substance critique is not persuasive. Good reminder that voluminous writing capacity does not equal good scholarship or wisdom.