The Volokh Conspiracy
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Don't Play Perry Mason in This Court, Counsel
An incriminating secret recording, played in a deposition to contradict a defendant’s denial, can’t be used as evidence, because it wasn’t disclosed at the outset as part of the parties’ discovery obligations.
From Black v. New England Computer Services, Inc. (D. Conn.), decided Thursday by Jeffrey Alker Meyer:
Wikipedia defines a "Perry Mason moment" to be "whenever information is unexpectedly … and often dramatically introduced into the record that changes the perception of the proceedings greatly and often influences the outcome." Counsel for the plaintiffs in this action planned a Perry Mason moment. She deposed one of the defendants about a key meeting he had with one of the plaintiffs and then surprised him with a secret tape recording that contradicted his sworn account.
But the problem is that this Court's initial discovery protocols required counsel to disclose the recording from the get-go of this lawsuit. Counsel did not do so. And so the defendants now move to preclude the recording for an obvious violation of the Court's discovery rules. I will grant their motion.
The facts:
The plaintiffs are three women—Patricia Black, Ashley Platt, and Shawn Danielson—who were employed with New England Computer Services, Inc. They worked with the company's owner and president—Chris Anatra—and they have filed this lawsuit against both the company and Anatra.
The plaintiffs' claims stem in part from a company meeting that occurred in August 2018. Anatra allegedly summoned one of the plaintiffs—Danielson—to discuss her employment status with the company. According to the plaintiffs, Anatra made false and defamatory statements about all three of the plaintiffs at this meeting, largely accusing them in vitriolic terms of lying about him and the company in discrimination complaints they had filed with the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities.
Unbeknownst to Anatra, Danielson secretly audio-recorded this meeting. Danielson in turn gave this recording to her counsel who later filed this lawsuit for the three plaintiffs. The lawsuit alleges several claims for unequal pay, sex discrimination, and retaliation, as well as related claims for defamation stemming from the statements allegedly made by Anatra at the secretly recorded meeting….
The secret recording would not surface until counsel for the plaintiffs sprung it on Anatra during the course of his deposition in December 2019. Counsel asked Anatra at this deposition if he had made the defamatory statements as alleged in the complaint. When Anatra denied doing so, counsel then surprised him by playing excerpts of the recording….
Great tactic, right? Not so fast:
The District of Connecticut is one among numerous federal district courts that have adopted special discovery disclosure requirements for most employment discrimination cases. These procedures are known as the Initial Discovery Protocols for Employment Cases Alleging Adverse Actions …. Their stated purpose "is to encourage parties and their counsel to exchange the most relevant information and documents early in the case, to assist in framing the issues to be resolved and to plan for more efficient and targeted discovery." …
[C]ounsel for the plaintiffs filed a Rule 26(f) report in February 2019 stating that "[t]he Court's Initial Discovery Protocols apply in this case and these disclosures will be served by March 25, 2019." That date came and went without disclosure of the secret recording. This was a clear violation of the Protocols' initial disclosure requirements. The Protocols itemize categories of "Documents that Plaintiff must produce to Defendant," a lengthy listing that includes "[a]ll communications concerning the factual allegations or claims at issue in this lawsuit between the plaintiff and the defendant." It is self-evident that an audio recording of a conversation between a plaintiff (Danielson) and a defendant (Anatra) falls within the scope of this disclosure requirement.
If a party fails to comply with a discovery disclosure requirement, a court has discretion to preclude the evidence "unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless." See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)…. As the Second Circuit has recognized, the purpose of allowing a court to preclude evidence under Rule 37 is to "prevent the practice of 'sandbagging' an opposing party with new evidence." …
[Plaintiffs] rely on an "impeachment" exception to the initial disclosure requirements under [Fed. R. Civ. P.] 26(a)(1)(A)(ii) (requiring initial disclosure of documents that a party "may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment"). But this case is governed by the Protocols, not by Rule 26(a)…. [T]he Protocols expressly supersede the initial disclosure requirements of Rule 26(a). And the text of the Protocols plainly have no impeachment exception allowing a party to withhold communications between a plaintiff and a defendant.
If counsel in good faith had believed that the Protocols were subject to an impeachment exception, one might have expected counsel to say so when she made her disclosures to the defendants. But the record here shows that counsel promised to produce "[a]ll communications concerning the factual allegations or claims at issue in this lawsuit with the plaintiffs and the defendant," with nary a mention of withholding any documents for impeachment purposes.
Is there any good reason why counsel ignored the Protocols? None at all. Even after the defendants filed their motion to preclude the recording and explicitly invoked the plaintiffs' special disclosure obligations under the Protocols, counsel filed a response that does not even cite or acknowledge the Protocols—relying instead solely on the superseded terms of Rule 26(a)(1).
This suggests incompetence, evasion, or maybe both. The inference is strengthened by counsel's effort to ambush Anatra with the recording at his deposition, as well as by the months-long further delay by counsel in producing the recording even after it was requested by the defendants when it was played at the deposition.
An attorney of reasonable competence would have timely disclosed the recording just as the Protocols require. If the failure to disclose was simply an accident, then an attorney of reasonable competence and good faith would have produced the audio recording promptly when requested by the opposing party and then further consulted with opposing counsel to determine if there were remedial measures that they could agree on to remedy the accidental failure to disclose. An attorney of reasonable competence and good faith would certainly have acknowledged to the Court their obvious obligation to disclose the recording rather than altogether ignoring the Protocols and what they require. …
It is no answer to say that Anatra was not privileged to lie or misstate facts during his deposition (if that is what he did). When months or years elapse between a meeting and a sworn deposition about what was said at the meeting, a witness's account may depart from what actually occurred for reasons not evincing an intention to deceive but for lack of memory or accurate recollection. The relevant issue is that Anatra had a right under the Protocols to listen to the recording before facing interrogation at his deposition about what he had said. "A party whose conversation was secretly recorded should not be subjected to a deposition, the partial purpose of which is simply to create inconsistencies or otherwise set up impeachment in the defendants' testimony, without the defendant having had a chance to review the tapes—the same opportunity that plaintiff had prior to her deposition." Jerolimo v. Physicians for Women, P.C. (D. Conn. 2006)…..
I have also considered the possibility of lesser measures as an alternative to an order precluding the recording. The discovery period has long since closed in this action and had already closed by the time that counsel for plaintiffs got around to producing the recording. Lesser remedial measures would entail opening up discovery for new depositions and to explore the authenticity and circumstances of Danielson's creation of the recording. This would be time-consuming and costly.
And for what purpose? To enable or reward counsel's reckless or intentional disregard for the Court's disclosure rules. That makes no sense to me….
I will preclude the recording from trial as well as any reference to its creation or existence and any impeachment of any witness on grounds of any alleged discrepancy between their statements or testimony and the contents of the recording. The secret recording did not and does not exist for purposes of this trial.
