"For at least six reasons, the motion [for emergency injunction against allegedly defamatory web sites] is DENIED"

From Friday's federal district court decision in Kazal v. Price (M.D. Fla. Dec. 8, 2017), which I thought was worth quoting in detail, and which seems a nice counterpoint to the Ohio state court Barley House injunction:

The latest spat in a protracted dispute between several Australian businessmen, this action involves (at least) six actions on two continents. Four of the Kazal brothers sue Matthew Price, a former employee of a company owned by Australian businessman Rodric David, for tortious interference with a business relation and for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The complaint alleges that Price runs five websites that host "defamatory" and "untrue" content about the Kazal brothers. [Footnote: Charifkazal.com, kazalfamilytruth.com, karlkazal.com, adamkazal.com, and tonykazal.com. Two of the websites (kazalfamilytruth.com and karlkazal.com) appear defunct.]

Background

The websites, which mostly re-publish news articles from the Australian media, detail a tumultuous history between the Kazal brothers and David. The story begins several decades ago, when the eight Kazal brothers emigrated from Lebanon to Australia. While two brothers opened a restaurant in Sydney, another brother (Tony) worked for several years for the royal family in the United Arab Emirates. According to one story from the Sydney Morning Herald, Tony and Karl "leveraged their status" with "Gulf diplomats" to arrange meetings between the Gulf royalty and Australian businessmen.

Meanwhile, other Kazal brothers opened restaurants and bars in historic buildings owned by the Australian government and leased to private investors. In one instance, the Kazals reportedly convinced the Australian government to spend more than six million dollars renovating one of the buildings. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, linked on Price's websites, an unlawful bribe from the Kazals to a government official secured the government's agreement to pay for the renovation. Several newspapers report that Australia's Independent Commission against Corruption later charged Charif Kazal with bribery.

While several Kazal brothers grew the restaurant and bar business, another brother partnered with David, the Australian businessman. David and Kazal purportedly agreed to buy an unprofitable waste-recycling operation in Sydney and to invest in the operation's turn-around. One exposé from a Sydney paper reported that David spent several million dollars on the waste operation, but the Kazal family allegedly failed to pay its share (according to the exposé, Libya's sovereign investment fund promised the Kazals $2.5 million; for reasons not explained in the story, the "Gaddafi-controlled fund" reportedly never paid the money). After the Kazals sued David in the Cayman Islands over the failed investment, a Cayman judge reportedly found that David, whom the Kazal brothers accused of attempting to "steal" the Kazals' half of the company, breached a fiduciary duty and that the Kazal brothers breached a promise to finance part of the waste operation.

In addition to the Cayman litigation, actions involving David (or David's company, Thunder Studios), Price, and the Kazals pend in the Central District of California, the Superior Court of Los Angeles, and the Federal Court of Australia.

While David and a Kazal brother litigated in the Cayman Islands over the waste operation and another failed co-investment in Dubai, an Australian newspaper scrutinized another Kazal brother's purported connection to Hezbollah. Tony Kazal purportedly agreed to convert several million units of an unspecified African currency into American dollars in exchange for a "lucrative commission." A man in Beirut allegedly gave Kazal a bag of cash. Citing an investigation by Lebanese police, the Sydney Morning Herald reports that both the man and the money belong to Hezbollah.

The Middle District of Florida recently closed an action in which Adam Kazal sued Price and moved in an "emergency ex parte application" for leave to depose Price on less than a week's notice. The application states that the Australian court ordered Kazal not to "make certain statements regarding David," but Kazal purportedly violated the order. The Australian court held Kazal in criminal contempt and sentenced Kazal to eighteen months of imprisonment, which sentence an Australian appellate court affirmed in part and reversed in part. Appealing a second time, Kazal claimed that "inflammatory statements" on the websites created by Price infuriated Kazal and caused Kazal to violate the Australian court's order….

[T]he plaintiffs claim that Price posted "defamatory" and "untrue" content on the websites in an intentional effort to inflict emotional distress and to interfere with an unspecified business relation. Also, the plaintiffs allege that schoolchildren tease or mock the children of Tony Kazal about the purported connection to Hezbollah and about the purported criminality. Moving for a temporary restraining order and for a preliminary injunction, the Kazals request that an order direct Price to "immediately remove access to and/or the content" from the websites and that an order prohibit Price from "making further statements … that the Plaintiffs are members of a terrorist organization or otherwise involved in criminal or fraudulent activities."

[Libel law and First Amendment analysis]

… Although the plaintiffs nominally sue for intentional infliction of emotional distress and for tortious interference with a business relation, the crux of the plaintiffs' claims is defamation. Excluding jurisdictional and prefatory paragraphs, more than half of the complaint alludes to Price's allegedly "false," "untrue," or "defamatory" statements. If true, the reporting from the Australian press might vindicate the content of Price's websites. "Truth, of course, is a complete defense to a charge of libel." And nothing appears "extreme" or "outrageous" about a defendant's re-publishing an accurate news story (even though the story publicizes unflattering information). [Footnote: Again, this order decides nothing about the accuracy of the website or the newspaper reports.] The sparse record, which comprises an unverified complaint, the Price deposition, and several conclusory affidavits that deny the newspaper reports, precludes finding at this time that the plaintiffs likely will succeed on the merits….

Also, the plaintiffs fail to explain the mechanism by which an injunction against Price's re-publishing news stories from the press remedies the plaintiffs' alleged injuries. At least half a dozen newspaper stories published by several newspapers report the information about which the plaintiffs sue (again, Price's websites mostly re-publish the newspaper stories, although the websites contains several so-called "memes" that appear nowhere in the newspapers).

Even if an injunction prohibits Price's speaking about the Kazal family, the information about the Kazal family remains easily accessible elsewhere on the Internet. Because the plaintiffs fail to show clearly that an injunction against Price's speech remedies an imminent and irreparable injury, the request for a preliminary injunction warrants denial….

An injunction issues only if the prospective harm to the moving party from denying the injunction outweighs the harm to the non-moving party from enjoining specific conduct. According to the plaintiffs, schoolchildren tease or mock the children of plaintiff Tony Kazal about the reported criminality and about the reported connection to Hezbollah. Also, the plaintiffs attribute to Price's websites a "loss of business." An affidavit from the Kazal family's accountant claims that the websites "stilted the growth trajectory" of the family business but declines to identfy a business transaction that failed as a proximate result of the websites. Based on these purported harms, the plaintiffs claim that the balance-of-equities favors an injunction.

Insisting (without citation to anything other than the plaintiffs' conclusory affidavits) that the websites contain falsities, the plaintiffs state that Price will suffer "absolutely no harm" if an injunction restrains Price's speech. But a long line of Supreme Court decisions explains that a "prior restraint[ ] on speech and publication [is] the most serious and least tolerable infringement on [a person's] First Amendment rights."

Under the First Amendment, a person maintains a weighty interest in free speech—an interest so great that the judiciary routinely refuses to enjoin speech before the final adjudication of the defendant's liability. See, e.g., Gunder's Auto Center v. State Farm Ins., 617 F.Supp.2d 1222 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (denying the plaintiff's request for a preliminary injunction in a defamation and tortious-interference action); Bollea v. Gawker Media, LLC, 2012 WL 5509624 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 14, 2012) (Whittemore, J.) (denying the plaintiff's request for a preliminary injunction in a defamation and IIED action and explaining that "[i]n all but the most exceptional circumstances, an injunction restricting speech pending final resolution of constitutional concerns is impermissible"); Roca Labs, Inc. v. Consumer Opinion Corp., 2014 WL 6389657 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 16, 2014) (denying the plaintiff's request for a preliminary injunction in a defamation and tortious-interference action). In sum, Price's First Amendment interest weighs heavily against a preliminary injunction, and the plaintiffs fail to show clearly a balance-of-equities that favors restraining Price's speech.

[Rule 65]

The plaintiffs' request for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction violates at least three requirements in Rule 65, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. First, under Rule 65(b)(1)(B), the attorney for the party that requests a temporary restraining order must "certif[y] in writing any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why it should not be required." The plaintiffs' attorneys fail to submit an affidavit certifying an effort to notify Price about the motion and fail to explain the necessity for an ex parte order.

Second, Rule 65(d)(1) requires that the preliminary injunction "state its terms specifically" and "describe in reasonable detail—and not by referring to the complaint or [an]other document—the act or acts restrained." … [T]he specificity requirement in Rule 65(d) ensures that the enjoined party—who faces a punitive consequence for willfully violating an injunction—knows exactly what he can and cannot do. A recent decision explains:

[A]n injunction must describe the 'restrained or required conduct' in a manner that permits a judge asked to enforce the injunction to speedily and confidently determine whether some oppugned conduct offends the injunction and, if so, to design, impose, and enforce a remedy with assurance that any violation is contrary to the manifest and unmistakable terms of the injunction and is, therefore, knowing and willful. As an injunction increases in ambiguity and breadth and taxes increasingly a judge's interpretative ability, the inclination and legal authority of a judge either to require compliance or to punish non-compliance decreases at least proportionally.

The proposed injunction requires Price to remove from the websites "false, malicious, or harmful information stating that Plaintiffs are associated with terrorism, criminal misconduct, or fraud." Also, the proposed injunction orders Price to "refrain from making further statements" about those topics.

Replete with mischievously broad phrases susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, the requested injunction fails to adequately apprise Price exactly what he can and cannot say. For example, the proposed injunction offers no objective method to determine what constitutes "harmful information" and risks the possibility that a trivial comment, if subjectively offensive to a plaintiff, might violate the injunction (even if an impartial party familiar with the litigants' circumstances would find the comment innocuous). Because the requested injunction fails to specify exactly what Price can and cannot say, the plaintiffs' motion warrants denial.

Conclusion

For at least six reasons, the motion … for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction is DENIED. The plaintiffs fail to show a "substantial likelihood" of success on the merits, fail to show an imminent and irreparable injury, and fail to show a balance-of-equities that favors the injunction. Also, the requested injunction violates the requirements in Rule 65 that the movant's attorney certify an effort to notify the non-moving party about the requested injunction, that the movant's attorney explain why notice is impracticable, and that the injunction describe with specificity the enjoined conduct.

Show-Cause Order

By submitting an "emergency" motion for a temporary restraining order at 4:20 p.m. last night, the plaintiffs demanded the district court's immediate attention. A review of the record in this action and the other Middle District of Florida action shows nothing approaching an imminent and irreparable harm that requires enjoining the defendant's speech without permitting the defendant an opportunity to respond.

In fact, the due-process concerns attendant to an ex parte restraint on the defendant's speech far outweigh the incremental harm, if any, that would result from the continued operation of the websites while the defendant responds to the motion for a preliminary injunction. No later than 5 p.m. on DECEMBER 15, 2017, attorneys Michael Whitt and Minyao Wang must explain in a single paper no longer than ten pages why an order should not require Whitt and Wang to remit $1000 each to the district court as a sanction for filing an unwarranted "emergency" motion.