Stephen Hawking: Damn All Aliens!

Legendary physicist Stephen Hawking, apparently still smarting from getting passed over for the role of the guy in the wheelchair in Avatar, says we'd better not be trying to phone E.T. or even text him:

The suggestions come in a new documentary series in which Hawking, one of the world's leading scientists, will set out his latest thinking on some of the universe's greatest mysteries.

Alien life, he will suggest, is almost certain to exist in many other parts of the universe: not just in planets, but perhaps in the centre of stars or even floating in interplanetary space.

[…]

[M]ost of it will be the equivalent of microbes or simple animals — the sort of life that has dominated Earth for most of its history.

One scene in his documentary for the Discovery Channel shows herds of two-legged herbivores browsing on an alien cliff-face where they are picked off by flying, yellow lizard-like predators. Another shows glowing fluorescent aquatic animals forming vast shoals in the oceans thought to underlie the thick ice coating Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter…

We'll have to wait for the show, but Hawking's extended comments suggest he's paying more attention to Independence Day than to Stanislaw Lem. Without any apparent help, this planet has already produced such inscrutable creatures as the platypus, the coelacanth, and chupacabra. The third solution to Fermi's paradox suggests platform neutrality is not as widespread elsewhere in the Alpha Quadrant as it is here on Earth. Why would a race of superintelligent jellyfish or blue whales even take notice of us, let alone want to conquer us? Hawking is having none of that:

Hawking believes that contact with such a species could be devastating for humanity.

He suggests that aliens might simply raid Earth for its resources and then move on: "We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn't want to meet. I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their home planet. Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonise whatever planets they can reach."

He concludes that trying to make contact with alien races is "a little too risky". He said: "If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn't turn out very well for the Native Americans."

Should we take Hawking's isolationism seriously, or is he just the Racist In the Year 3000?

Back before the Singularity, Gregory Benford profiled Hawking for Reason. More recently, we've given mixed reviews to the Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts' plans to save Earth through space travel and applauded his adventures in zero gravity. (And for God's sake, if Stephen Hawking is only an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, what the hell do you have to do to become a full member? When the Vulcans make first contact -- 53 years from this month! -- let's hope they do something about that oversight.)

Comments

[TheOtherSomeGuy]

I don't disagree with Prof. Hawking.

When we finally leave Earth, we're going to go out and colonize planets, use their resources to advance our survival, and when they're used up, move on. It's the work of population pressures, and it is easily seen when you read Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel.

[.]

Yup. Just as soon as we bring GM back to viability and retire the national debt.

[Bingo]

lol

[grylliade]

When we finally leave Earth, we're going to go out and colonize planets, use their resources to advance our survival, and when they're used up, move on.

No, we won't, for several reasons. First, a whole planet represents a lot of resources. We aren't close to actually using up our own planet's resources, even after five thousand years of civilization. Second, there are far, far more resources available in space than are available on planets. You'll likely be able to find almost anything you need in, say, the asteroid belt than on Earth. And in the asteroid belt, you won't need to lift it up out of that deep gravity well to get it somewhere useful. On top of that, the resources are more easily available, and there are no concerns about pollution; any waste left over is easily dumped into literally empty space. Thirdly, if the ability to travel between star systems is easily available, it won't be worth occupying inhabited worlds. As Prof. Hawking points out, worlds dominated by microbes are going to be much more common than worlds with higher life. Of the 3 or so billion years Earth has been around, there has been multicellular life for only six hundred million years, and we don't know how likely it is that multicellular life evolves. There will probably be far more planets with life, even planets with oxygen atmospheres (which pretty much requires the presence of life), than there will be planets with complex life forms. We would be far better off skipping planets for which we'd need to compete and sticking to planets that are, from our standpoint, empty.

It's the work of population pressures, and it is easily seen when you read Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel.

I have read that. I think that Diamond has a good point, although I think his processes of history are too simplistically mechanical to be entirely accurate. But Diamond's thesis has absolutely nothing to do with the economics of interstellar colonization; the situation is entirely different. There are far too many reasons that it would be more profitable to either trade with alien cultures or leave them alone rather than conquering and exploiting them. War is expensive; interstellar wars would be even more so (and any technology that makes interstellar war cheap makes it even easier to find empty worlds to use). Interstellar conquest, especially of aliens, just doesn't make sense, in a way that can't be said of any terrestrial conquest.

[TheOtherSomeGuy]

Think on a galactic time scale.

5,000 years' worth of civilization isn't even the blink of an eye. It is entirely possible that after a million years of human use, Earth, and/or any other planet, could display a strained ecosystem.

I'm not arguing that we won't also use asteroids, but if you think mankind won't colonize planets (should we ever leave the solar system), well, I'm going to have to disagree with you on that one.

[Fluffy]

Even on galactic time scales it doesn't make any sense.

The energy cost of sending an invasion force across interstellar distances is greater than any possible benefit you could obtain on the other side.

Especially because it's pretty likely that even uninhabitable star systems have Oort cloud equivalents that would contain orders of magnitude more resources than anything available on a terrestrial planet.

The problem with AVATAR-style scenarios is that the recipe for a habitable space is water + rock + energy, and those three things are available in much greater quantities at a lower energy cost outside of planets than on them.

[IceTrey]

Don't forget a large moon to stabilize the planets orbit. If the Earth didn't have the Moon humans would not exist.

[Tulpa]

I think you mean rotation, not orbit.

[James Anderson Merritt]

"It is entirely possible that after a million years of human use, Earth, and/or any other planet, could display a strained ecosystem."

Or, it is entirely possible that humans will figure out how to accurately estimate their means, and learn to live within them -- at least, until the next resource cache is discovered somewhere in the cosmos. I realize that history doesn't give us much reason to be optimistic. But we DID discover agriculture and informatics, after all, two technologies that have allowed us to increase the earth's carrying capacity well beyond the human burden we thought it could sustain.

I do believe we will make use of asteroids and other nearby celestial bodies (comets, etc.), and also that we will colonize other parts of space. But I am not as pessimistic about the future of our own planet as some here. I think we can make it work, though I must admit that I would like to travel space, someday (assuming science extends human lifespan enough for me to last as long as necessary for that to happen).

[Jennifer]

This all assumes aliens never evolved traits like spite, prejudice or control-freakism. To someone ignorant of American history, I can use arguments of logic and reason and decency and fiscal responsibility to "prove" America would never be dumbshit enough to (for example) keep fighting the War on Drugs as long as we have. And surely white Southerners after the Civil War wouldn't be stupid enough to keep the black third of their population out on the fringe -- that makes no economic sense at all.

[Pink Cosmotarian]

"Raaaaacist!!"

[fresno dan]

Very good point. And on the other hand, what if they were completely logical - would it be logical to allow such irrational, war mongering, violent being the opportunity to become more advanced and enslave you???

"Why would a race of superintelligent jellyfish or blue whales even take notice of us, let alone want to conquer us?"

Uh, all those points sticks we stuck in their whale relatives. All those jellyfish entrees served in Japan???

[Tulpa]

There are plenty of examples from human history of powerful militaries conquering land just because they can. Painting the map red, providing practice for more important battles in the future, etc, will be just as likely to motivate extraterrestrials as they are humans.

[Steven Horwitz]

Any alien race smart enough to develop interstellar travel is smart enough to understand the long-run benefits of the gains from comparative advantage and peaceful exchange. (Sorry if that's a bit too Star Trek for y'all, but I'm stickin' with it.)

[Jennifer]

Someone in pre-Columbian America might've said the same thing about any civilization advanced enough to cross the Great Salt Water. That someone would've been cataclysmically wrong.

[Franklin Harris]

Whenever someone says to me, "But surely any extraterrestrial civilization advanced enough to get here must have given up violence...," I punch them and say, "See, you have just been attacked by a superior intelligence. It can happen."

[MNG]

That's a great one, lol.

[Johnny Longtorso]

MNG IS ANONBOT!!!

[Pope Jimbo]

I can't believe, that I'm going to mod MNG up, but Frank's reply made me giggle too.

[Fluffy]

You can't really compare the energy cost of crossing the Atlantic Ocean in a wooden sailboat to the energy cost of crossing interstellar space.

If I chop down some trees and build a boat and use it to cross the Atlantic, there's a good chance that I'll find something on the other side that will justify my time, energy, and expense. That's extremely unlikely in the case of interstellar transport. I can't GET to that other planet with enough mass to conquer the people there without expending more energy than I can ever possibly recoup.

[IceTrey]

You don't need to bring anything to conquer a planet. Just chuck a couple of smallish asteroids down on it and you're good to go.

[IceTrey]

Now that I think about it you could do it robotically. Surely a civilization that can cross the stars has robotics capable of pushing a few asteroids down onto a planet.

[EJ]

Why even need that? send an unmanned probe with a bio weapon that wipes out the entire species

[EscapedWestOfTheBigMuddy]

You're missing the point.

Annihilating an planetary civilization is easy. But civilizations able to go space-faring in person don't care about the resource base on planets. Those resource are 1) A small fraction of those in the system and 2) expensive to get to and bring back. And the civilization is (by necessity) adept and living and operating in space over the long haul.

Oh, it is easy enough to imagine aliens that *like* planets despite the cost, but if they can travel from star to star they don't *need* planets.

(All this assumes physics-as-we-know-it. Design the right drive and you can have a space-faring civ that only really knows how to live long term on planetary surfaces.)

[.]

The way I see it, you need to have three things before you can go out and colonize new worlds: more money than has ever existed and permission to use it; a propulsion system that has yet to be invented; a damn good reason to do it.

[Russ R.]

I'd add another thing to your list...

You'd need a whole lot of time.

Voyager 1, launched in 1977 still holds the record for the furthest and fastest we've ever launched a space craft. Travelling at more than 10 miles per second it's now more than 10 billion miles from the sun. Yet, even at that speed, it would still take another ~75,000 years to get to get to the next closest star.

[Ghost of Schr?dinger's cat]

hence #2, the new propulsion system

[.]

Correct. The vast distances require something only sci-fi writers have thought of so far. And as far as I know, none of them have actually been built. Scientologists might disagree.

[Tulpa]

Which is why it's so bizarre that the Enterprises keep running into 20th century spacecraft floating in space 200-300 years in the future. They would have to be pretty close to Earth for that to happen.

[James Anderson Merritt]

No. You forget the several anomalies that hurl matter into far-flung reaches of the universe (worm-holes, etc.). Also, the intervention of more advanced species, or their artifacts, which can modify our probes to be more powerful and able to traverse greater distances than would have been the case without the intervention. On the other hand, the Pioneer 10 space probe that the Klingons blasted for target practice in ST:V WAS still fairly close to Earth by 2287.

[Tulpa]

I can't GET to that other planet with enough mass to conquer the people there without expending more energy than I can ever possibly recoup.

There is no air resistance in space, Fluffy. The hardest part of interstellar travel is getting out of your native gravity well. After that you just point yourself in the right direction and fire a short burst of propulsion and let Newton's first law take over. So if the alien civilization builds ships in space, interstellar travel is going to be extremely cheap.

[EscapedWestOfTheBigMuddy]

Nah. Think it through.

Say you get into orbit, and you carry Delta V equal to four times the solar escape velocity at that point. You need half to stop at the other end (assume a no-return journey here) and the sun's gravity well works against you, so you'll be going to the stars at ~30 kps. Which means that you have to bring a whole space-borne, self-sustaining, technologically-advanced civilization with you. Which takes a lot of mass. Which makes the Delta V expensive.

Same deal for Delta V of 40 or 400 times the solar escape velocity

Or you can try to get there quick so you can take less stuff. Then you need bloody buttloads of Delta V, *and* you run in really nasty trouble with interstellar gas and dust. You need shielding, and we're back to sending a lot of mass again.

Basically interstellar colonization with foreseeable technology requires an investment of resources that is mindboggling---way beyond our current gross planetary product.

There are loopholes of course. If you have uploading and nano-assemblers you can travel on starwisps.

If you want to have interstellar conquest, you'd better posit a better than physics-as-we-know-it propulsion system.

Side note: A civ which learns to live in the most extreme limits of the Oort cloud might achieve interstellar travel by slow expansion, but there are unknown details of the far-out-stuff distribution that factor in to how often there is a close enough pass from another star.

[Fist of Etiquette]

Hawking overlooks the same thing that marred the otherwise perfect film, Starship Troopers. Space insects will no doubt rely on a super computer to navigate from planet to planet and carry out their evil plan of ravaging each world, and as long as there is a Bill Shatner (or possibly Chris Pine, we'll have to see about that) to talk said computer into destroying itself, we are going to be juuuuuust fine.

[LittleCupcakes]

And if that doesn't work, he can seduce the hot alien babe into giving up on everything she's ever known.

"On my planet, this is called a 'donkey punch'" is all it would take.

[Pope Jimbo]

Fist,

Did you ever read the actual Heinlein book? If you haven't, please do so.

I hate to admit this, but that book did a lot to convince me to join Uncle Sam's Misguided Children. I loved the idea that if you wanted a vote, you should do something to earn it. (I also loved it that most people in the future didn't care about voting enough t earn the right).

Other than the gratuitous nudity, the movie really sucked compared to the book.

Like most of Heinlein's work it was a pretty libertarian take on the future.

[Tony]

Will a race that's sufficiently advanced to engage in interstellar travel really need our planet for resources? Are they gonna steal our air? Would they still rely on carbon-based fuels?

No guarantees since there's no evidence one way or the other, but it seems to me that the energy required to travel the galaxy would necessitate a better plan than "find the life-supporting planets and stripmine."

[DJF]

They will want Nick Gillespie's leather jacket

[Tony]

Damn, I didn't think of that...

[Franklin Harris]

Yeah, well if it's the jacket vs. 6 billion people, Nick's just going to have to update his fashion sense.

[Pope Jimbo]

Or Lur will just have to eat a hippie instead.

[The Jacket]

You don't understand. I am the leading wave of the invasion. I just use Nick's enslaved body as camouflage while I travel the Earth identifying weak spots and targeting resources.

[John]

Wrong, the jacket is just a bonus. They come for the hair!

[Comrade Zero]

The Jacket gives Nick super powers he can't control - but he'll save us all.

[Colonel Sandurz]

She's gone from suck to blow.

[TP]

Oh no, not MEGA MAID!

Just what we need, a druish princess.

[x,y]

I bet she gives great helmet.

[TP]

what the hell do you have to do to become a full member?

Not too familiar with the Royal Society, but I would guess, donate a large sum of money.

[Warty]

I was surprised by how tolerable I found Avatar. Anyone else?

Also, God sent Steven Hawkings to give us the string theory.

[Fatty Bolger]

The similarity to Pocahantas really bugged me until I realized that it was no coincidence, and that the movie was a deliberate re-imagining of the story, with a "happier" ending for the natives. Obviously Cameron is too smart to actually admit that (or at least his marketing team is).

[Warty]

It's not Pocahontas, it's Dances With Wolves with psychedelic giant elf-Indian psychic aliens and dragons, you lardulous buffoon.

[Ghost of Schr?dinger's cat]

no, it's also Pochahontas in space

[Warty]

"Shot with arrows, yo"

[Ska]

Xeones wrote this?

[Nitori Kawashiro]

If the native svages have blue bodies then it's Dances with Smurfs.

[Nitori Kawashiro]

Savages sorry.

[Tulpa]

The ending actually reminded me of Ace Ventura When Nature Calls.

[Franklin Harris]

"And for God's sake, if Stephen Hawking is only an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, what the hell do you have to do to become a full member?"

Initiation scavenger hunt.

[guy in the back row]

Tap dance for the committee?

[MNG]

I've always like Solaris' take on alien life. It's likely to be incomprehensible.

[Tulpa]

I hope you mean the 1973 Solaris, not the 2002 Clooney bowel movement.

[SIV]

They'll come for our women of course.

[db]

So, they're, like, bukkake aliens?

[BlueBook]

I'm a little disappointed that a mind of Hawking's caliber would limit a hypothetical alien civilization to mere planetary conquest. Once you have the technology to leave your solar system on a large scale, the stars themselves become far more lucrative sources of raw matter and energy, at least until you figure out how to harness black holes. So the aliens might steal our Sun, but I doubt they'd bother with our puny little blue marble.

[BlueBook]

On the bright side, the aliens might have a preservationist streak, in which case they could probably scan and digitize all life on Earth for storage and simulation in a small lump of computronium. Indeed, this may have already happened; it would be almost impossible to detect from within the simulation.

[cynical]

I think David Brin said the same thing a while back, criticizing the SETI project.

[Stephen Hawking]

Dem aliens ur gunna take er jerbs!!!

[Stephen Hawking]

But in robot voice.

[Ghost of Schr?dinger's cat]

This assumes the Aliens didn't come a hundred thousand years ago, deplete the planet, and replace it with us.

[heller]

This assumes we aren't all pod people.

[Warty]

STARBUCK IS AN ANGEL???

[Pro Libertate]

Come on, that would be stupid.

[Episiarch]

The aliens have come...and they look like David Morse.

[db]

The proper spelling is "chupacabras" which is literally, "sucker of goats." "Chupacabra" only sucks one goat, and then presumably dies. Not exactly the terror beast, that.

[A. Goat]

Speak for yourself, Asshole!

[Pope Jimbo]

What if it was the pretty goat?

[Fluffy]

I do think that while we don't have to worry about conquest, we may have to worry about prophylactic sterilization.

The Independence Day aliens make no sense, but the Species aliens make A LITTLE sense. [Their actual plan was stupid, because all it would have done was replace one intelligent competitor species with an even more dangerous and aggressive intelligent competitor species - but the idea of trying to kill off a potential competitor species using information as your weapon is a good one.]

Your best plan upon encountering intelligent life in your own galaxy is probably to kill it. Regardless of its current culture or politics or apparent friendliness.

[That's if you take long-term species advantage as your standard of value, and I'm not saying I do.]

[MNG]

"Your best plan upon encountering intelligent life in your own galaxy is probably to kill it."

That seems like a pretty big violation of the non-coercion principle...

[Warty]

That would be a different standard of value than long-term species advantage, wouldn't it, you connoisseur of maggot-infested labial tumors?

[Comrade Zero]

Every time I think you can't top yourself...

[Pope Jimbo]

The problem would be that the invader species would be led by achievers. After all, the individuals sent out by a system would be the best.

These super achievers would then be forced to negotiate with the UN.

The results? An intergalactic sitcom where earth would play the part of Charley in "Always Sunny in Philadelphia".

Seriously, how happy would you be if the first contact with a new life form was conducted through the UN?

[CharlesWT]

Join the Space Marines. Travel the Galaxy. Meet exotic aliens. Kill them!

[fresno dan]

If the aliens fear intelligence, we are all very, very, VERY safe.

Kang: The earthlings may be a danger to us.
Kodos: Which one? the one lighting a firecracker in his ass? His entrails will not harm us, and very likely are very tasty.

[EscapedWestOfTheBigMuddy]

If we assume physics-as-we-know-it (important to fluffy's argument) and paranoid aliens preemptively eliminating the competition, what they do is listen carefully for any signs of emerging technological civilizations nearby and use relativistic kinetic energy weapons on the planets in question.

You can take your own guess about their desire of total-biosphere-annihilation, or merely bomb-em-back-to-the-stone-age energy levels, but if we're talking about a type II civilization (or even a very advanced type I) they can send bombs we we can't stop.

Either way, we should have avoided the whole wireless telegraph bit. On the other hand, if it took long enough for them to get the r-bombs together, maybe they caught I Love Lucy and decided weren't a threat afterall...

[Tulpa]

I remember reading something recently to the effect that ordinary TV and radio broadcasts (as opposed to radio signals directed towards space) originating on Earth are probably completely dispersed long before they reach another star system.

[EscapedWestOfTheBigMuddy]

Well, that true for radio and television in terms of decoding the signal. I just decided not to let that get in the way of a good joke.

And even detecting the carrier would require a mucking big aperture, but there is nothing preventing our hypothetical, super-techy, paranoid aliens from using a system wide phased array.

So they can hear that we're broadcasting.

[SIV]

Too late

[Pope Jimbo]

SIV,

You can tell she is an alien by the lack of a normal camel toe.

[guy in the back row]

Mr. Freeze from Batman is an alien?

[FEMA]

William "Fred Mertz" Frawley and Zsa Zsa Gabor

[Lou Mann]

Well seeing as he is the smartest man alive, I give a LOT of credit to what he says.

Lou
http://www.anonymous-vpn.tk

[rctl]

We know our universe is expanding and that others could exists. It is amazing to think that we may be a series of repetitive universes. Since we are expanding, does that mean we will eventually encroach on others? The ultimate eminent domain.

[Mr. Neutronium]

Manifest Density, Bitches! That's how I roll.

[bleek obummer]

There is the parallel universe liberals live in where everything is fair and policy that increases costs for everyone is seen as good.

[Hank]

If Hawking appreciates a good movie, he probably jumped out of his wheelchair within the first 10 minutes of Avatar and ran out of the theatre. Either that or he was sitting next to a black family talking the entire time. Seeing how he is obviously racist.

[Black Family]

Oh no he di'n't!

[IceTrey]

If an alien civilization wanted to destroy us all they have to do is send a robotic ship to push an asteroid down us. Hell, they could probably do it so stealthily that we wouldn't even know it was aliens who had diverted the asteroid.

[ed]

According to the movies, they could sneak up on us by hiding behind a cloud.

[kevin]

I think everybody is missing the point. Populations increase exponentially. As long as a species has the energy to do so (from advanced fusion/solar arrays or whatever) they will subsume all the matter they can. This will happen on earth, too, as long as humans (or our robot descendants) are smart enough to figure the technology out. Eventually, the only way to keep populations growing (and that is the evolutionary imperative) will be to travel outwards into space. We can pretty safely assume that aliens will be after resources if they come this far.

[.]

We can't assume anything, actually. That's why sci-fi almost always fails miserably. Books and movies written just a few years ago seem comically dated now.

[kevin]

I disagree. We can still apply evolutionary reasoning to aliens. Selfish replication is a feature, not a bug, of evolving systems.

[zoltan]

Earth does not have any resources that millions of larger cosmic bodies have in greater numbers. Except...humans! So Point has a point in that sci-fi is pathetically human-centric (though I still love it).

[DoDoGuRu]

No, populations don't increase exponentially. Poor populations increase exponentially.

At a certain level of prosperity, it is no longer valuable to increase.

[kevin]

Tell that to Mormons and Ultra-Orthodox Jews.

[Slut Bunwalla]

Who make up a relatively small portion of the human population as a whole.

[Drax the Destroyer]

What about those Krazy Catholics?

[KC]

WE use birth control now.
Please don't tell the Pope.

[IceTrey]

"Populations increase exponentially."

Not if they've achieved biological immortality.

[SIV]

5,000 quatloos that the newcomers
will have to be destroyed.

[kevin]

No, they still increase exponentially. If you make a Mormon immortal, he doesn't stop having babies. ;D

[Ghost of Schr?dinger's cat]

or the Duggars

[Pope Jimbo]

That is why you rub the salt peter in his magic underwear. Duh!

[alan]

Your best plan upon encountering intelligent life in your own galaxy is probably to kill it. Regardless of its current culture or politics or apparent friendliness.

[That's if you take long-term species advantage as your standard of value, and I'm not saying I do.]
reply to this

This is starting to sound like the Prisoner Dilemma. The irony being our own paranoia being sufficient reason for them to strike first.

[kevin]

The question is whether it is a one-shot or iterated prisoner's dilemma. If it is iterated (meaning other alien civilizations might find out about our "defection") the optimal strategy is "tit-for-tat" cooperate with nice aliens. If we believe we can destroy aliens in secret, the optimal strategy is preemptive annihilation.

[alan]

I would assume they would do some heavy scouting of us before they made any decisions, and given they are the visiting party any strategy held in secret would be to their advantage.

The best win/win situation would be for them to disarm our paranoia. The first alien contact jumps out of his flying saucer at a flea market asking where he can find Joey Lawrence memorabilia. Our collective paranoia concerning the alien's existence is replaced with a sense of discomfort which is a good hand to hold if you are looking to manipulate a person or a populace.

[Bingo]

There's always tearing apart entire solar systems on an atomic scale, converting the matter into computronium, creating a Matrioshka brain and then borg-like assimilation into a galactic network.

Which is slightly scarier than strip-mining the solar-system (and probably more likely given the technologies and energy required for efficient star travel).

[Warty]

Borg? You leave me no choice.

[zoltan]

You obviously read some great sci-fi.

[JB]

Hawking is still right about us getting off this planet. We stand a good chance of killing ourselves in the next 50 years; we don't need alien help for that.

[Ted S.]

Wouldn't the alien species be plagued by monsters from the id?

[Tulpa]

At some point long before interstellar travel, they would have discovered Internet porn. And I think we all understand that's the end of any civilization's development.

[fresno dan]

I always think of it as the beginning of civilizations development. As preverted as I am, I never imagined the genre of "storm squirters II"
Peace through Porn

[Pope Jimbo]

All these scenarios always assume that we aren't the first intelligent civilization in the universe. That somewhere something has evolved faster and better than we have.

I agree that the odds are we aren't the apex civilization (especially since the E! channel), but somewhere someone has to be first.

What happens to that civilization? What if it is us?

What if we discover another planet that thinks Superbowl Monday is a good idea? Or has globally adopted the metric system? Or think that football is a game where you can only touch a ball with your feet?

Don't we have the duty to bring them to a rational belief system (like Columbus did) and convert them?

[alan]

I think everybody is missing the point. Populations increase exponentially. As long as a species has the energy to do so (from advanced fusion/solar arrays or whatever) they will subsume all the matter they can. This will happen on earth, too, as long as humans (or our robot descendants) are smart enough to figure the technology out. Eventually, the only way to keep populations growing (and that is the evolutionary imperative) will be to travel outwards into space. We can pretty safely assume that aliens will be after resources if they come this far.

Kevin makes a good point similar to one I encountered in a Heinlein nonfiction work many, many years ago (in a book I still have, bought thirty years ago in 1980, before I was even a teen, holy fuck) where he argued species populations that colonize in space will do so exponentially because they do so in cades like a bunch of Irish or Spaniards populating the New World, quickly there will be more of them out there than in their place of origin.

[zoltan]

What's the probability even that those aliens will be able to live on a planet like Earth? I prefer non-alien sci-fi for a lot of reasons, namely that aliens are likely not to be humanish.

[Chuck]

Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts. He is a full-fledged Fellow of the Royal Society (i.e., the original one, without qualifier).

[Kevin Carson]

On the other side, one major tendency of advanced technological development is what Bucky Fuller called "ephemeralization": the extraction of more and more utility out of smaller and smaller material inputs. Add to that the comparative cost-effectiveness of recycling non-renewable minerals versus mining them in the asteroids, and economic incentives to substitute renewables (i.e. plant-derived plastics from petrochemical ones, extraction of trace minerals from seawater, etc.).

The idea of an interplanetary civilization having to transform the asteroid belt into a thousand Pittsburgs reminds me of that medieval prophecy about Spain being the world's largest producer of wooden plows. By the time asteroid mining becomes profitable, or nomadic strip mining of the Galaxy becomes feasible, humans will probably be wondering why the hell anyone would *want* a billion tons of steel.

[EscapedWestOfTheBigMuddy]

...'cause even when you build them molecule thin the structures a type II civ uses to capture a large fraction of their star's output are mucking *big*...

Also note that while everything we build requires less stuff, we build so much more of it that we still need more resources. Maybe that'll level off when/if we every get the whole planet up to technological snuff. Or maybe not.

[Beezard]

The 4th Season of Mr.Show is the human pinnacle of sketch comedy. Give this to the aliens so that they might know their new masters.

[Cthulu]

Fear no interlopers. The Old Ones protect Their food source at all costs.

[The Man]

Too many of you guys get caught up in the awe of large numbers (*snicker*) and argue that either they won't get here or if they do they won't want what we have. I think we can stipulate that if some space alien arrives in our skies, they will have control of energy and resources far beyond our comprehension. You can make the flat assertion that this alien is therefore too smart and caring to want to hurt us, but doing so just identifies you as a credulous boob. I don't know of any examples in history that demonstrate that power is associated with "niceness."

What I do know, however, is that these space aliens are the result of the same sort of evolutionary competition that causes us to take all we can get, and then want more. That alone makes them dangerous whether they want our rocks, our air, or our women or nothing at all beyond the thrill of the hunt.

One question I always ask myself whenever Reason debates turn to weird science (e.g. artificial intelligence and the singularity) is this: Why do so many libertarians (who have no trust in government) believe so ardently in the wonderful world of the future and the good will of space aliens?

[Drax the Destroyer]

"One question I always ask myself whenever Reason debates turn to weird science (e.g. artificial intelligence and the singularity) is this: Why do so many libertarians (who have no trust in government) believe so ardently in the wonderful world of the future and the good will of space aliens?"

I think part of it is the hope for a different place/time then the disillusioning one we are currently in. Of course the grass is always greener on the other side so just because the Modern U.S. is arguably better on certain issues (Racial) then past versions of it, this does not mean that a future world strip-mined by indifferent aliens would be any better than Earth circa 2010. So maybe none of it has anything to do with hope. I think we just want to have sex with blue women.

If it ever came to actual contact with advanced aliens (and I don't think it will because life is just not that interesting), Libertarian-types and their unfortunate Xenophobic fellow travelers might be the first shit-flinging primates to defy the Space gods, much to their peril.

[zoltan]

I think the future will be wonderful (at least more wonderful than now, which is pretty good for a lot of people). Consider that the most libertarian sci-fi writer did not believe in the good will of aliens.

[Beezard]

"I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords. I'd like to remind them that as a trusted TV personality I could be helpful in rounding up others to toil in their underground sugar caves."

-Kent Brockman

[Alien]

I am capable of intergalactic travel. Wrap your puny minds around that, Earthlings. I don't need your water, your oil, your technology, or your philosophy. We've had all this figured out for a million years. We're coming to earth for sexy time.

[Valerie Jarrett]

Count me in!

[Warty]

"I'm beginning to think there'll be no forced breeding after all..."

[John]

I don't understand how people can embrace singularity but not space travel. If we ever reach singularity and stop dying or living really long lives, we have to either stop having children or find somewhere else to put people. Stopping people from having children could not be done without creating some kind of nightmare totalitarian state. So that leaves finding new places to put people. And that means space. I don't see any other way around it.

[Wishful Thinking]

Or people could stop having so many damn kids, especially ones they can't take care of.

[John]

Since screwing is what causes kids (no form of birth control is 100% effective), you are basically wishing for people to stop screwing. Good luck with that.

Also, if we reached singularity, even a small birth rate would be over the long run unsustainable.

[yet another dave]

birth control + abortion + 100%

[yet another dave]

birth control + abortion = 100%

[John]

Only if you have forced abortion, which requires a nightmare totalitarian state. No thanks.

[R C Dean]

The back and forth on this is just arguing over the odds that an alien starfaring race will exterminate us for various reasons.

The fact that those odds aren't 0 means that Hawking is right.

[Tim Cavanaugh]

I'm with BlueBook above. The odds that they will have some burning need to conquer Earth, when any given area contains millions of better sources of wealth (in fact, as stars go, the sun isn't even a particularly good energy source), is narcissistic.

All these metaphors about Columbus, Irish immigration, etc. commit the cardinal sin of science fiction (albeit the one without which 98 percent of science fiction wouldn't exist). They presume that aliens will just be some allegory for humans. It's like saying Cortez came to America to compete for resources with the Armillaria ostoyae fungus. Except that aliens will almost certainly be even more different from us than we are from fungi.

[Tim Cavanaugh]

Above: "odds" = "idea" or "belief"

[Jennifer]

All these metaphors about Columbus, Irish immigration, etc. commit the cardinal sin of science fiction (albeit the one without which 98 percent of science fiction wouldn't exist). They presume that aliens will just be some allegory for humans.

How is that worse than presuming aliens are more magnificently wise and virtuous than anything ever seen on earth?

It's worth reminding people that the Nazis' batshit crazy racial theories didn't stop them from producing some damned impressive scientific achievements. Being intelligent and scientifically advanced does not inevitably lead to loving hippie kum-by-yah drum circles.

[Tim Cavanaugh]

It is exactly the same as presuming they are magnificently wise and virtuous.

They're not going to be like Nazis either. Nor will they be like or angels, or Renaissance merchants, or inscrutable Orientals, or Greco-Romans or cave people. In fact, they're just not going to be actors with pointy ears or wrinkly foreheads. They're going to be another species, from another planet entirely. By all probability they will not fit onto any naughty/nice scale. Why is this so hard for people to grip?

[Jennifer]

They're going to be another species, from another planet entirely. By all probability they will not fit onto any naughty/nice scale. Why is this so hard for people to grip?

I can't speak for others, but for me, I'm not even saying they'll necessarily reside on a naughty/nice spectrum we'd recognize; I'm just saying it's naive to assume "Creatures advanced enough to reach Earth would also be advanced enough to never hurt us." That is not logic but wishful thinking.

And if a creature is so alien to us that human concepts of good and evil or malice and kindness simply don't apply, such a creature wouldn't even need to harbor ill intent to do us damage. Ignorance alone could do that. When I was about three I murdered an entire aquarium full of fish, but I wasn't trying to hurt them when I poured soda into their tank; I thought I was being nice, sharing my delicious sugary-drink goodness with them.

[John]

Exactly Jennifer. If they are advanced enough to have interstellar travel, they will probably consider us to be inferior beings. Considering how humans treat inferior beings like fish and cows and bugs, I really don't want to find out how they would treat us.

[fresno dan]

Maybe they will be like botulism.
Or tetanus.
Advanced bacteria, in the sense of how they perceive the world. They will no more UNDERSTAND the heartache they cause by killing a human than we understand the terror we impose upon cauliflower.

FAR, FAR in the future...
The Del Monte War Crimes trial begins. Vegetarians, held in glass cages, stare at their shoes...
The lead rutabegga begins, "legumes and fruits, not only did they BREED plants, and slaughter our young, they did it by boiling, pickling,frying, dicing, and slicing, and myriad other ways too, too horrible to contmeplate...

[fresno dan]

OK, screwed up the sentence
should read:
Advanced bacteria, in the sense of being technologically advance, but still bacteria in how they perceive the world.

[Beezard]

yeah, Tim, I think you're being a little deluded about reality. Not the reality of cultural nuances, but the reality of nature. Why wouldn't aliens live for their own benefit? If they do, then why wouldn't they exploit the fuck out of us in some fashion or another? I, and every living organism that I've ever encountered would.

[Beezard]

Except that aliens will almost certainly be even more different from us than we are from fungi.

Even fungi needs to eat. And I don't plan on being on the menu. And furthermore, if an alien society (or hive colony or whatever) is capable of expending the time and energy to develop space travel and search new planets than they either:

A)have a desperate need for resources themselves.

B)have a cultural manifest destiny.

C)Are running from some other aliens who are even nastier then they are.

D)Are harmless adventure seekers who just want to hang out, see the sites, and do whatever.

I know we humans are a bit paranoid, but unless nature works on anything other than kill or be killed basis somewhere else in the galaxy, then I think D is pretty much out of the question.

And if they put their spaceship on my land, it's getting towed. period. I don't know what kind of ghetto commune galaxy they slithered out of, but around here we respect each others property rights.

[specimens for sale]

On this thread, the concept of "They will come for our women" was floated several times. Has it occurred to anyone that they may come for our men? I, for one, am prepared to give them up;-)

[Karlos Sponk]

Wikipedia says you have to be a member of the Royal family to be a Royal Fellow of the Society, so there are currently only 4 of that type. Everyone else is either an Honorary Fellow or a Foreign Fellow.

[GILMORE]

""Nah, not you Zaxon, I aint talking about you , you're one of the good ones.... There's white men made of gas... you know what I mean.""

[Larry Hastings]

Why would they raid the Earth for resources? Surely it'd be easier for a spacefaring race to mine the asteroid belt. Or our many uninhabited planets. Or the Oort cloud. This is such a bizarre statement that I have to wonder if maybe he was misquoted.

[Beezard]

why come here otherwise? I think you're taking the ability to travel space verse the ability to "mine" a rapidly spinning hunk of rock for granted.

[Beezard]

It's a bizarre conversation as whole to be sure, but I think it's much sillier to assume the best when you understand the true dynamics of the natural order.

I don't kill, eat, maul, rob, or rape you because Im afraid of the consequences or because I have way better things to do. Otherwise, why wouldn't I? That's nature in a nutshell. Why would highly technologically superior aliens come here, if not to subjugate (or in some scenarios forcibly enlighten us) in the first place?

[Budd]

The aliens don't need a huge army with lots of mass. they could easily send a team of 10 super intelligent beings to slowly take over a world by means of infiltration, corruption, and control.
order through chaos. convince us to to dig up all the resources for them like gold and then let us destroy ourselves. global domination the easy way!

[William H. Depperman]

This update exposes both Stephen Hawking and Michio Kaku as self-described NEO-CREATIONISTS and exposes the U.S. government-led attempt to lead a takeover of Theoretical Astrophysics by supplanting Quantum Mechanics and Relativity with fraudulent "String/M-Theory" and fictitious "dark energy" and make neo-creationism/"intelligent design" the default belief in schools, colleges and universities:

Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics

The Capitalist Dictatorship Deliberately Falsifies Basic Science!
Stephen Hawking, Michio Kaku, Wendy Freedman, Dennis
Overbye, Nichlas Wade, Brian Greene, etc. Are Exposed as Liars!
Self-Described Neo-Creationists Hawking and Kaku Are
Leading a Takeover Attempt of Theoretical Astrophysics!

Today basic medicine, science including climatology, astrophysics and even both Einstein's Special Theory and General Theory of Relativity are brazenly and routinely falsified at the direction of genuinely Fascist elements for political/religious reasons. These scientifically fabricated and bizarre mesmerizing distortions are mixed in with some actual science and are passed off as "the new science" in exhaustive falsifications lasting for hours on NOVA, FRONTLINE, National Geographic Channel, CUNY TV, "Discovery Channel" and even the so-called "History Channel." There is also a simultaneous attempt to create a sense of panic in order to help generate the Mass Psychology of Crisis based on falsely claimed imminent threats from space from rogue asteroids to Stephen Hawking's alarmist claim of future invasions by inevitably hostile space aliens. See section below on UFOs and Extraterrestrial Life. In addition, the above-mentioned so-called "cosmologists" publish an endless stream of books, videos and magazine and newspaper articles, not to mention the new textbooks, to try to popularize their fiction and pass it off as good coin. The media, including the science media is simply a privatized arm of the U.S. "intelligence agency," an actual army of legions of professional liars in every area of politics and academic discipline and includes even so-called "comedians" working in service to the capitalist dictatorship of millionaires and billionaires. The U.S. media is very similar to Blackwater, Dyncorp, Custer Battles and Triple Canopy, etc. the armed military contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan, except that the media has always been privatized. Can you say Total Brainwash of the youth? Not to mention the adult population! Note that Stephen Hawking and Michio Kaku, who are leading the takeover attempt of theoretical astrophysics and "cosmology," now both openly describe themselves as neo-creationist/"intelligent design" advocates and are campaigning through their statements to make neo-creationism the default belief taught in schools, colleges and universities! (See below.) Although Hawking simultaneously tries to deny this all his statements are contrived to lead to the same "conclusion." The title and contents of Hawking's book: The Grand Design" is an example.

There is also a maximal attempt to confuse the masses in order to keep them susceptible to the constant stream of lies originating from NASA and the U.S. government, which have threatened to ram through a revisit of the Moon and have even tried to pump up support for a Mars mission and missions to asteroids. (?) There is no possibility that a manned trip to Mars would ever return. Rocketry is a primitive form of space travel and there is no acknowledged attempt of efforts to develop the nuclear powered electromagnetic anti-gravity engine used by so-called UFOs, which are documented to have visited the Earth for Millennia. Moon, Mars and asteroid trips obviously make no sense except to keep NASA and its suppliers in business and are one more pretext to divert money from social spending and to boost U.S. patriotism. Under public pressure the Obama Regime has supposedly cancelled the Moon and Mars ventures but states that it will privatize the role of NASA, going even further than Bush in privatization schemes for capitalism now in its end stage. (See below.) The widespread academic opposition to these wide-scale falsifications of science and money wasting ventures is never given equal time! We demand and will take some time to refute the U.S.-led capitalist dictatorship's lies.

The Capitalist Dictatorship's Attempt to Falsify the
Age of the Universe to Help Provide False Belief in "god"

The capitalists have tried to falsify the actual age of the Universe and the infinite cycle of a Big Bang followed by a Big Crunch, meaning a closed rather than an open Universe, because the reality of a closed Universe does not fit with the religious brainwash of a single creation and belief in a supernatural fictitious "god." (The statecraft of capitalism's alliance with religion and belief in "god" and other superstition is exposed further below.) The reality is that the process of contraction of the Universe began soon after the Big Bang, which began the process of expansion. The process of contraction began with the first condensations of gas after the Big Bang. At first the process of expansion was dominant, but the processes of expansion and contraction exist simultaneously from shortly after the Big Bang until finally the process of contraction becomes dominant and all galactic matter is finally drawn into Supermassive Black Holes, which today form the centers of all spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies in the process of becoming spiral galaxies. These Supermassive Black Holes, which are growing larger continuously, finally link up all existing matter of the Universe at one spot, one huge super-maximal Black Hole known as the Singularity in the Big Crunch, at which time critical mass in the true and ultimate sense is reached for another Big Bang Cycle and the beginning of another Universe. This analysis clearly and conclusively demonstrates that THERE WAS NO "MOMENT OF CREATION" because all the matter for this Universe already existed in its pure nuclear form in the Singularity from a previous Big Crunch which preceded the Big Bang which began our present Universe. And the origin of matter is PROVED to be an unknowable. (See below.) This is the ONLY explanation which fits the facts!

Ninety-five Percent of Matter in the Universe Exists in the Form of Energy According
To Einstein's Formula E=mc2! Black Holes Completely Reverse that Relationship and
Solve the Equation for Mass: m=E/c2 thus Supplying the so-called "Missing Mass"!

The critical mass density required for the Big Crunch to occur is 1 x 10 to the negative 29th of a gram per cubic centimeter (approximately 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter), according to the calculation from the General Theory of Relativity, which predicted Black Holes. Neutrinos are now known to have mass which may be sufficient to supply the supposed "missing mass." (See below.) But probably even more significant is the recent paper in Science (November 21, 2008) which shows that 95% of matter in the Universe exists in the form of energy according to Einstein's formula E=mc2. This relationship would reverse in a Black Hole and the so-called "missing mass" would gradually appear as the contraction of the Universe allowed the energy-mass relationship to shift so that in a practical and real sense Einstein's formula would be solved for mass: m=E/c2. Though the authors of the paper fail to draw this conclusion that is the inescapable significance of those papers. See below. The fact that the expansion and contraction of the Universe occur simultaneously is one more example of the Law of Unity of Opposites, the Second Law of Dialectical and Historical Materialism and demonstrates the correctness of the scientific philosophy of Dialectical and Historical Materialism, as opposed to the false philosophies of idealism and metaphysics, which are the only philosophies permitted to be seriously taught in U.S. colleges and universities, and which form the underlying basis for all phony "cosmological" theory! See further below!

Black Holes Have Mass and a Size, Which
Can Be Calculated, and Rotate on an Axis!

In addition, in the Big Crunch matter most certainly does NOT collapse to "less than the size of a single molecule," a totally ridiculous assertion by the so-called "string theorists" (see below) designed to try to discredit the Theory of the Big Bang/Big Crunch Cycle of the Universe. The Black Hole in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is 15 million miles in diameter?not "the size of a single molecule"! Black Holes are formed exclusively of condensed nuclear material; protons and neutrons (composed of quarks) and electrons (composed of leptons) devoid of their orbits and all motion, all collapsed together. The end point of all matter in the Big Crunch is a Single Black Hole, the so-called "Singularity." The size of the final "Singularity" which forms prior to the Big Bang would thus be quite large because it must contain all the nuclear material in the entire Universe. All Black Holes have the same mass density, which is said to be infinite, and which vary only in actual mass depending on how many stars and how much nuclear material they contain. The only difference is the difference in mass, which is constantly increasing as matter changes from its energy form when entering a Black Hole. See above cited article in Nature, November 21, 2008. Note that while some of the information provided below may appear to be somewhat technical it is necessary for any subsequent challenges which might be made of this dialectical and historical materialist analysis. An educated reader should be able to understand most of it and follow for the most part the explanations, which have in turn vast political implications. A few key references are provided and the reader can research the area independently.

Black Holes have mass and size just as neutron stars (pulsars) also have mass!! All Black Holes, both Stellar Black Holes and Supermassive Black Holes (the result of combination of millions of solar masses) which form the center of evolving elliptical galaxies and all spiral galaxies, also rotate extremely rapidly just like neutron stars, some of which are estimated to be only 8 to 20 miles in diameter, and rotate in 1.4 milliseconds to 30 seconds! Black Holes rotate as fast or faster. All stars rotate on a central axis to some degree due to the angular momentum of gas approaching the center of the proto-star prior to the ignition of hydrogen fusion. In other words the gravitational collapse of gas in star formation is not uniform just as its opposite, an explosion such as the Big Bang is not uniform. When the radius of the star is reduced drastically in stellar collapse the angular momentum remains the same but the momentum of inertia is sharply reduced. The standard example is that of a figure skater spinning with outstretched arms who speeds up by pulling in his/her arms. Black Holes are formed from the collapse of the largest Blue Giant stars 5 to 20 or more solar masses. Neutron stars are formed from the explosion of stars with 1.35 to 2.1 solar masses in a Type II, Type Ib or Type Ic supernova explosion. The rapid rotation of Supermassive Black Holes is in fact the reason Spiral Galaxies exist in the flattened disk form they do with spiral arms?because of the huge gravitational force exerted by the rapid rotation of Supermassive Black Holes which form their galactic centers! As mentioned this fact is entirely covered up and denied by the phony NASA "scientists" on television, e.g., National Geographic TV. As the rotating Supermassive Black Hole in the galactic center gradually increases in size through accumulation/accretion of more stellar material and gas, the early elliptical galaxies, in the process of becoming a spiral galaxies, begin to flatten due to the rapid rotation of the Supermassive Black Hole in their center which causes the flattening. It should also be noted that as would be expected there exist a high number of stellar black holes in the galactic center drawn by their strong gravitational fields on their way to join the central Supermassive Black Hole. According to observations of the Chandra X-Ray Telescope released in a July 16, 2005 report there are 10,000 stellar black holes along with numerous neutron stars orbiting the Supermassive Black Hole in the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy, officially designated Sagittarius A (SGR A)! The Supermassive Black Hole at the center of the Milky Way has a mass of 3.7 million solar masses. The largest known Supermassive Black Hole in the OJ 287 Quasar contains 18 billion solar masses!

The spiral arms comprised of outlying stars are formed by the combination of the gravitational force coming from the rapidly rotating galactic center and the relative gravitational attraction of one outlying star to another based on their actual distances from one another. As the outlying stars approach neighboring stars due to gravity this leaves other areas where stars are much less concentrated giving rise to the appearance of usually 2 major spiral arms originating from each end of the central bar often found in the galactic center, as well as several minor spiral arms, all of which are actually in the process of being gradually drawn inexorably toward the galactic center. The gravitational force of the Black Hole, the mass of which is steadily increasing, gradually overcomes the outward centrifugal force caused by its rapid rotation. Central bars form after the Supermassive Black Hole in the center of a large spiral galaxy reaches a certain size and are therefore found more prevalently in more massive galaxies where the required mass is reached sooner. Central bars form when stellar orbits in a spiral galaxy become unstable and deviate from a circular path. The tiny elongations in the stars' orbits grow and become locked into place, forming a bar. The bar becomes even stronger as it locks more and more of these elongated orbits into place. Eventually a high fraction of the stars in the galaxy's inner region join the bar. The galactic center thus attracts both gas and stars. This concentration of gas at the center of spiral galaxies does result in the formation of new stars but does not represent the primary or original source of star formation, which occurs in the beginning of formation of galaxies from gravitational condensation and collapse of primordial gas clouds. The central bars draw a large amount of gas towards the galactic center, fueling this new star formation, building central bulges of stars, and feeding the Supermassive central Black Hole. The formation of a bar may be one of the last stages in the evolution of a spiral galaxy prior to its eventual total collapse entirely into its central Supermassive Black Hole.

Information Overload by NASA and U.S. Government Propagandists is used to Distract
Focus Away from the Significance and Central Role Black Holes Play in the Process
Of Contraction of the Universe which Finally Becomes Dominant in the Big Crunch!

In the interest of accuracy it is also important to mention that this information is being misused by NASA and other U.S. government propagandists to try to distract from and obscure the significance of black holes and the central role black holes play in the process of contraction of the Universe, which ultimately becomes dominant over the simultaneous process of expansion. First, it is a fact that matter generally enters a black hole through a combination of both gravitation and magnetism. Matter in the accretion disk, which spins around the black hole, can only enter the black hole after it loses its angular momentum. The inertia of the material in the accretion disk keeps it spiraling in a disk rather than falling straight into the black hole. The inertia in turn is due to the mass of the material in the disc and the gravitational field caused by the extremely rapid rotation of the black hole itself. An accretion disc is a rotating disk of gas, dust and other matter that may form around any of a variety of stars or other massive objects from protostars to white dwarfs to neutron stars to stellar black holes and Supermassive Black Holes and even quasars (see below). While the accretion disc of a young star or protostar usually contains dust which later consolidates or accretes to form planets and other objects, the accretion disk of a black hole, which may also contain stars, feeds matter directly into the black hole.

According to a report in the July 22, 2006 Nature, and another 2008 paper by F. Casse Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 124020 (9pp) confirming the 1973 theory of Starobinsky and Churilov, the spinning gas in an accretion disc generates its own magnetic field which powers a wind of charged particles directed away from the black hole. The wind of charged particles transfers angular momentum from the inner regions of the disk outward in a twin jet phenomenon perpendicular to the plane of the accretion disk allowing angular momentum to be conserved, meaning to remain balanced or constant. This transfer of angular momentum outward slows down the spinning gas near the center, allowing gravitation to draw matter into the black hole. The magnetic field also causes turbulence and friction to build up within the disk. The friction heats up the gas to millions of degrees, causing it to glow brilliantly in the ultraviolet and X-ray bands. In Supermassive Black Holes large jets of plasma flow away from the accretion disc perpendicular to its center at almost the speed of light. These jets of plasma travel outward along the magnetic field lines which are twisted by the rotating accretion disk. It should be noted that the material which flows outward in the jets represents only a tiny amount of material extracted from the accretion disk. (Plasma, which is found in the accretion disk closest to the black hole, is a partially ionized gas, where a certain proportion of electrons are free, not being bound to atoms or molecules, unlike the gas form of matter. This permits electrical conduction of magnetic fields. Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter in addition to solid, gas and liquid.

Redshift Measurement of Quasars puts
The Age of the Universe at 28 Billion Years!

The process where matter enters a black hole from its accretion disk may be greatly expanded during the formation of quasars where a Supermassive Black Hole at a galactic Center accretes a huge amount of matter in the order of billions of stars. When two black holes combine or a stellar black hole enters a Supermassive Black Hole in a galactic center the process causes the emission of radio waves and even visible light. When hundreds of millions to billions of stars and enormous amounts of gas first combine to create a Supermassive Black Hole in the center of a galaxy the energy released is exponentially increased and is known as a quasar. In a quasar this radiation is emitted across the entire spectrum almost equally, from X-rays to the far-infrared with a peak in the ultraviolet-optical bands, with some quasars also being strong sources of radio emission and of gamma-rays. Quasars are the most visibly luminous objects in the Universe and are also the strongest energy source in the Universe. A quasar is simply an accelerated process of formation of a Supermassive Black Hole in an early galaxy. The release of gravitational energy by matter falling towards a massive black hole in the formation of a quasar is the only process known that can produce such high power continuously, energy far greater than the fusion process which powers stars. Quasars easily outshine their host galaxies. (The light we see is from the huge superheated accretion disk, which is greatly enlarged due to the high density of matter in such galaxies. Stellar explosions such as Supernovas and gamma-ray bursts can create the same level of energy, but only for a few minutes. Gamma ray bursts are generated by hypernova, which are simply very large supernova, the collapse of a stars with masses 100 to 200 times that of the sun. Contrary to the lies designed to create confusion, which appear on the National Geographic so-called Discovery Channel "How the Universe Works" programs, not all early galaxies possessed enough mass to produce a quasar. There is no evidence for example, that the Milky Way Galaxy, as claimed by Micho Kaku & Co. was a quasar! The Supermassive Black Hole at its center is far too small! And the mass extinction on Earth 440-450 million years ago was undoubtedly NOT caused by a gamma ray burst from a hypernova, but from the continental drift of a large landmass (Gondwana) into the south polar region causing a global temperature drop, glaciation and lowering of sea level which destroyed 60% of habitats around the continental shelves at a time when all life was confined to the seas and oceans. Evidence documenting this was found in deposits in the Sahara Desert.

All observed quasar spectra have red shifts between 0.06 and 6.5. Applying Hubble's law to these red shifts, it can be shown that they are between 780 million and 28 billion light-years away, a measurement which is NOT due to gravitational lensing, although this has been reported for some extremely bright quasars. This is proof that the Universe itself is at least 28 billion years old! So the most recent "estimates" of the Hubble Constant and the actual age of the Universe by NASA, Wendy Freedman and company and the media (a privatized arm of the U.S. "intelligence community") are obviously TOTALLY FALSE! (See below.) The process of quasar formation occurred regularly in the early Universe in the formation of galaxies with huge densely concentrated gas and stars. It should be obvious that the first galaxies to form in the Universe generally contained the highest volume and concentration of gas, which in turn created the highest concentration and densities of stars. The Supermassive Black Holes at the center of those early galaxies became quasars. Galaxies without such high densities of matter develop more along the lines of our own Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda, for example. Formation of galaxies is still occurring but generally they do not become quasars because the volume and density of gas is insufficient. An exception is 3C 273 in the constellation Virgo which is only 33 light years away with a luminosity equal to 2 trillion times that of our sun or about 100 times the total light of the Milky Way. Their discovery by Maarten Schmidt in 1967 was early strong evidence against the totally discredited steady state theory of Fred Hoyle, and in favor of the Big Bang Theory. Blazers, incidentally are the same as quasars but have their perpendicular jets in direct alignment with our galaxy, while quasars have their jets pointed away in another direction.

As part of the escalating campaign of Big Lies, in March 2009 NASA made the totally disingenuous statement on a National Geographic Channel so-called "Naked Science" show that "while black holes are associated with galaxies we (who we?) do not yet know what that relationship is!" (!) And on May 17, 2010, Michelle Thaler of NASA disingenuously stated: "We do not know which comes first the galaxy or the Black Hole" (!) and further falsely stated that when 2 spiral galaxies collide the result is an elliptical galaxy "which does not spin!" This is another Big Lie and demonstrates a very systematized structure of lies. The truth is that the elliptical galaxy in this case is only a temporary structure. The Black Holes, which drove the 2 colliding spiral galaxies, combine and a larger spiral galaxy is formed. The motive for that feigned ignorance/Big Lie by the misnamed "intelligence community" is to try to obscure the documented reality that the matter of all galaxies is entering black holes as part of the ongoing contraction of the Universe, which begins shortly after the Big Bang and takes places simultaneously with the process of expansion and finally becomes dominant. As explained herein expansion of the Universe has slowed down enormously since the Big Bang and will be overtaken by the process of contraction until all mass in the Universe has again entered the final Black Hole, the so-called final Singularity in the Big Crunch. At that point there will be another Big Bang and another Universe will begin. In addition, NASA and other government propagandists have attempted to overemphasize the accretion disk/jet phenomenon and the huge energy produced as matter enters a black hole or quasar, almost to make it appear that black holes and quasars are "expelling" matter as much as drawing it in, virtually standing black holes on their head and falsely ascribing all sorts of false "observations" to black holes, in order to divert focus from the primary role of black holes as the mechanism or engine of contraction of the Universe and the beginning of the Big Crunch!

One example is the false claim by the fraudster, James Geach, hyped in the July 7, 2009 New York Times by the determined "intelligence community" propagandist Dennis Overbye, that black holes fueled so-called Lyman alpha "blobs," glowing clouds of gas in the early universe. But that lie was immediately refuted with the obvious explanation that cold gas streaming into a protogalaxy would heat up and glow from the gravitational energy alone! (See: "Lyman Alpha Blobs as an Observational Signature of Cold Accretion Streams into Galaxies" by Mark Dijkstra and Abraham Loeb, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, June 5, 2009.) These fraudulent NASA/U.S. government propagandists hope that most viewers know absolutely nothing and will believe virtually anything that they are told by someone claiming to be a "scientist" or "professor" and that most people will not do their own research, or will remain at least confused and vulnerable to their next bizarre fantastical claim. That is why the information which appears here should be forwarded by email and networked in every possible way nationally and internationally in order to counter the U.S. capitalist dictatorship's Big Lies. The objective of the capitalist dictatorship is to render the population more susceptible to their lies in every area including politics and economics, which also have little to no basis in reality. The capitalist dictatorship also resorts to the come on of "naked science" in order to try to sex-up their Big Lie propaganda in theoretical astrophysics, while simultaneously presenting some truthful "Naked Science" reports in other areas and in other National Geographic programs in order to help their Big Lies blend in.

In response to the heavy push on the so-called "History Channel," etc. it should be noted that the Theory of the Big Bang was first proposed by Georges-Henri Lema?tre, who had both a PhD in physics and was an ordained priest. Lema?tre studied at the University of Leuven, the University of Cambridge, Harvard and MIT. The little read report was first published in 1927 in the Annales de la Soci?t? Scientifique de Bruxelles (Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels) and later in Nature: G. Lema?tre, The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory, Nature" 127 (1931), n. 3210, pp. 706. Lema?tre called it "the hypothesis of Primeval Atom" and also referred to it as "the Cosmic Egg exploding at the moment of the creation," with the word "creation" obviously reflecting his religious bias. As explained above the Universe did not originate from a single point less than the size of a single molecule as falsely proposed by the string theorists, who now are pushing Lema?tre. As explained above the end point of all matter in the Big Crunch is a Single Black Hole, the so-called "Singularity." As mentioned all Black Holes have the same mass density, which is said to be infinite, and which vary only in actual mass depending on how many stars and how much nuclear material they contain. The only difference is the difference in mass, which is constantly increasing as matter changes from its energy form when entering a Black Hole according to m=E/c2, Einstein's formula from the Special Theory solved for mass. See cited article in Nature, November 21, 2008. The Singularity contains the combined mass of all nuclear material from all stars and gas in the Universe. The designation: "Big Bang Theory" first derived from a derogatory reference to the theory of an expanding Universe by Fred Hoyle on the BBC in March 1949 over 20 years after it was first proposed. The truth as explained above and herein is that the processes of expansion and contraction of the Universe coexist from shortly after the Big Bang until finally the process of contraction becomes dominant and there is a Big Crunch followed by another Big Bang and formation of another Universe.

It is a fact that Lema?tre applied Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to Cosmology, but was NOT a spearhead of religion supposedly leading physics as Lema?tre is presently falsely being portrayed on the so-called "History Channel." Lema?tre also preceded Edwin Hubble in deriving what became known as Hubble's Law and even calculated the Hubble Constant but was not able to prove the linear relation which Hubble did in 1929. Lema?tre has rarely been given the credit he is due for first proposing the Big Bang Theory for 3 reasons: 1.) The theory of an expanding Universe was opposed at the time he first proposed it by Einstein and others, 2.) For political-religious reasons explained herein the capitalist dictatorship has always opposed the Big Bang Theory because the natural logic of a Big Bang implies a Big Crunch and a cyclic nature of the Universe rather than a single creation which leaves the most room for "a creator" and 3.) U.S. nationalism/jingoism, where the U.S. capitalist dictatorship always prefers that whenever possible credit be given to an American. Edwin Hubble was an American lawyer. Although Lema?tre had received numerous Belgian and international scientific honors only recently have the capitalists been pushing Lema?tre in order to focus on the fact that he was a priest and that his theory speaks of a moment of "creation." The so-called "History Channel" focuses on this language in an attempt to inject the sophisticated form of neo-creationism/intelligent design also espoused by Francis Collins, Obama's new choice for head of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). See below. Both Michio Kaku and Stephen Hawking have also now identified themselves as neo-creationists/"intelligent design" advocates! See below.

The Hubble Constant is a calculation of the speed at which the Universe is expanding and is crucial in calculating the age of the Universe. Four methods have been used to estimate the Hubble Constant and age of the Universe. The most recent method employed by Allan Sandage, et al measures: 1.) the distances to Type 1a Supernovae explosions in distant galaxies and then 2.) confirms those measurements by comparing the relative luminosities of Cepheid variable stars as so-called "standard candles," while Wendy Freedman's NASA team uses Cepheid Variable stars alone, which is a lot less accurate. Freedman's method especially is an easy method in which to either err or to deliberately falsify results as she and her NASA team have clearly done. (See below.) The typical errors in calculating the Hubble Constant include: 1.) "the universal, yet unjustified Period-Luminosity relation of Cepheid (variable stars), 2.) neglect of selection bias in magnitude-limited samples or 3.) the errors which are inherent to the adopted models, which cause most values of the Hubble Constant and corresponding estimates of the age of the Universe to be incorrect as explained in detail in the most comprehensive review which has yet been published, which also includes the Sandage team's most recent calculation of the Hubble Constant to date of 62.3 +or?1.3, which is based on measurements to 279 galaxies: "The expansion field: the value of the Hubble Constant," by G.A Tammann, A. Sandage and B. Reindl, Astron Astrophys Rev (2008), 8 July 2008, 15:289-331, DOI 10.1007/s00159-800-9912-y.

This value of the Hubble Constant corresponds to an age of the Universe of approximately 13.7 billion years, which should be sufficient to permit the Big Crunch. However even this method of calculation of the Hubble Constant, which as exhaustively explained and documented by Allan Sandage et al, is fraught with potential errors cited above, which Sandage takes account of and systematically avoids. As mentioned above Wendy Freedman and Co. on the other hand use only Cepheid variable stars in their "calculations" and deliberately include faulty (fraudulent) data in their calculations as explained to this writer personally by Allan Sandage, therefore making Freedman & Co.'s method of determination of the Hubble Constant even easier to falsify. Such data is systematically excluded by Sandage, et al., as explained above. In response to the withering but suppressed critique by Sandage et al, known primarily only to other astrophysicists who follow these matters, Freedman has published a slew of pathetic papers addressing such topics as "correction of errors involving optical extragalactic background light (EBL), sampling-induced errors, magnitude errors, and random and optimal sampling," etc. where she always comes up with ridiculously high (fraudulent) values for the Hubble Constant. Fraudulent data was necessary for Freedman & Co. to reinvent the entirely fictitious so-called "dark energy," Einstein's "Cosmological Constant," ("My greatest blunder!" See below), which is declared to be "the opposite of gravity" and which has no scientific explanation whatsoever, but is falsely proffered as "the reason" the capitalist dictatorship and its media (and textbook) propagandists now falsely state that the expansion of the Universe has unexplainably "speeded up," a "finding" which violates all previous findings not to mention all known rules of physics including the General Theory of Relativity! In other words this finding is totally invented, totally fabricated, a Big Lie to end all Big Lies! All designed to achieve the political-religious-propagandistic objective of a single "genesis." See below. Legitimate opposing viewpoints are simply ignored and in practice not permitted to be heard! How jolly!

Regarding the most recent results given above for the Hubble Constant, this writer would still prefer to accept Sandage's previous calculation of 55 +or-5, which has been repeatedly established in papers from 1975, 1982, 1986, 1990 and 1995, although it may certainly be possible that the 62.3 +or-1.3 value is the most accurate and it is certainly can be argued that 55 +or-5 is not that far removed from the new figure. The reason for this caution is that Allan Sandage is now 82 years old and although he is 100% intellectually intact and in control of all of his faculties his name is listed second in the above paper indicating that he himself may not have collected the data used in the calculation giving 62.3 +or-1.3 for the Hubble Constant. This writer has not spoken or corresponded with the other members of his team, as this writer has, with Allan Sandage. Sandages's team also often includes A. Saha who was not included in the above paper, so this writer can not rule out alteration of the raw data to give a falsely high Hubble Constant by certain personnel who might be bribed by the NASA forces in charge of the Key Project, which was set up determined to achieve a certain result come hell or high water. This issue is important enough to the capitalist dictatorship so that they would leave no stone unturned to tweek the results in their direction for reasons explained further below. In addition, we are reminded that the Redshift of some quasars actually puts the age of the Universe at 28 billion years! See above. Because of this fact and previous calculations of the age of the oldest stars which are in a similar range, it can not be ruled out that the computer program used for collecting light data from stars from modern telescopes in the "Key Project" may have been written in such a way as to deliberately give false values in order to increase the Hubble Constant and thereby reduce the age of the Universe as calculated by the "standard candles" method.

The U.S. so-called "intelligence community" organized the so-called "Key Project" in order to cover up the cyclic nature of the Universe from Big Bang to Big Crunch. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was built primarily for the "Key Project." This is an important point. The capitalist dictatorship chose Wendy Freedman to lead the project rather than the obvious choice, Allan Sandage, the legendary, most preeminent and world-renowned astrophysicist as well as the number one authority on the Hubble Constant along with his internationally renowned group of astrophysicist colleagues. See above. The reason was that Sandage's studies up to that point had shown the Universe to be "between 14 and 18 billion years old, depending on what is assumed about the mass of the Universe." This corresponds to a Hubble Constant, which he and colleagues had repeatedly calculated to be 55 +or-5 as cited above. An older age and smaller Hubble Constant, of course, would mean that the Universe contained easily enough matter to permit the Big Crunch, which is the key point the capitalist propagandists want to discredit because that would rule out a single creation and make the existence of a god, for which there is no scientific evidence whatsoever, even more unlikely! This is the actual statecraft behind the "Key Project." (See further below.)

Freedman's initial claim that the Universe was only 8 billion years old was obviously fraudulent, as have been all of her subsequent "estimations." All of Freedman's estimations of the age of the Universe and the Hubble Constant have been designed to try to fraudulently invalidate (!) the Big Bang, the Big Crunch especially and the cyclic nature of the Universe in particular. The preposterous claim of an 8 billion year age is a direct attack on the Big Bang, which has been verified worldwide. In her initial unrestrained enthusiasm to falsify and misinterpret her own data (see above) Freedman forgot about the 1.) Red shift discovered by Edwin Hubble (see below) and 2.) the detection of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the residual effect of the Big Bang both of which exist as irrefutable evidence for the Big Bang origin of the Universe! In January 2003 Freedman was made the Director of the Carnegie Observatories located in Pasadena, California where Allan Sandage works thereby placing her above him as a maneuver to make her fraudulent estimates of the Hubble Constant appear more authoritative in the public eye!

Note that even AFTER the 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson and its confirmation by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite in 1989 that its measurement produced a curve precisely matching a Planck curve, which most scientists have accepted as proof that the radiation is indeed from the beginning of the universe, the capitalist dictatorship has still made efforts to continue to try to deny the existence of the Big Bang, even publishing books with 466 pages (!) attacking the Big Bang such as the 1991 rubbish: "The Big Bang Never Happened" (!) by the totally discredited Eric Lerner. Anyone using simple inductive reasoning would immediately begin to smell a rat! Since the capitalist dictatorship and its media have not been able to refute the Big Bang they have now focused all their efforts in trying to refute the Big Crunch. The capitalist dictatorship has a long history of political meddling and sabotage in virtually all fields of scientific and medical research and a history of using scientific advances against the masses in order to control them and also to reduce the population according to their own perceived needs, e.g. from Bio-warfare to Bio-fuels (through enforced starvation, falsely portrayed as seeking "energy independence" and "clean energy.").

NASA Propagandists Have Now Concocted the Fraudulent "theory of the
Big Rip" In Order to Try to Counter the Reality of the Big Crunch and
The Information which Appears Here now Found All Over the Internet!

NASA in a new propaganda blitz using their standard Big Lie technique in order to try to refute the information, which appears here and all over the Internet, has pushed back hard with the totally discredited claims on the National Geographic Channel beginning in March 2009 that 1.) "dark matter" forms a supposed "filamentous superstructure" of the universe from the very beginning of the Big Bang until the present 2.) the fictitious "dark energy" will supposedly eventually "become so strong" that it will overcome all 4 primary forces including the strong force, which holds quarks and gluons together to form protons, neutrons and other particles, so that that the entire Universe will then supposedly "fly apart ripping apart galaxies, stars, planets and eventually every speck of matter in a fantastical end to time" in what the fraudulent propagandist Robert Caldwell describes as "the Big Rip." This is also known as the theory of the flat universe. There is no "filamentous superstructure of the universe held together by dark matter." And phantasmagorical images of galactic superclusters do NOT prove the existence of a "filamentous superstructure" and are simply a photographic effect due to the enormous luminosity of such dense accumulations of stars. As mentioned above the great wall of galaxies is not due to a "dark matter superstructure" but is simply due to the irregularities in the Big Bang explosion, which was not uniform as in any explosion. Such brainwash already appears in the astrophysics textbooks of the capitalist dictatorship! We recommend that it be exposed as a Big Lie whenever and wherever it is encountered.

The capitalist cosmologists/propagandists have demonstrated that they can not coherently reply to any of the arguments advanced in this Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics except through contrived, feigned ignorance, information overload and MORE totally outrageous, bizarre Big Lies, which require a religious-like faith (in dark energy and dark matter, for example) to actually believe them?their overall objective in the first place as explained here. So do not be intimidated by the doctoral degrees which they award themselves or the exalted positions held by these above-mentioned frauds in order to try to legitimize their lies and to try to control and monopolize this field as they try to do with all others. These false propagandists/ "cosmologists" keep up a truly relentless barrage of lies in the major media and even physics journals and on TV with a never ending stream of phantasmagoric images blending and cascading one into another to try to help prove their scripted Big Lies, for example, the existence of "dark matter," which they laughably claim is so dominant that it forms the "superstructure of the universe" but which they supposedly have only been able to detect as "two tiny pulses of heat deposited over the course of two years..." New York Times, December 18, 2009, a frankly pathetic false "finding" which the article admits is "no proof" but "tantalizing" (?) an adjective carefully chosen to try to make it appear as if everyone were are all rooting to try to prove their Big Lie. The reality is that there is no "dark matter." Claims on the National Geographic Discovery Channel and elsewhere in April-May 2010 that "gravitational lensing and cosmological expansion rates" have "confirmed" its existence are totally fabricated! Gravity, not dark matter, is responsible for ALL gravitational lensing and that is where it gets its name. And there is NO "large halo of unseen matter (an oxymoron!) extending beyond the visible stars." But according to Michio Kaku & Co., "Dark matter is in a struggle with dark energy and dark energy wins in the end in the Big Rip!" Not a WORD about gravity! And according to Michio Kaku and the NASA propagandists, eventually stars will all simply "blink out and the universe will be dark?again!? The age of stars will be over!" Kaku just makes it up in a jumble as he goes along. Anything for his cause! What is his cause? See below.

It can also be predicted that the capitalist dictatorship will take over the science, if they have not already done so, of the new Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest energy particle accelerator in Geneva, Switzerland, when it finally goes on line in order to try to continue to concoct the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" as well as the "Higgs Boson," the so-called "god particle," which is reputed to be "the particle which may impart mass to all other particles after the Big Bang". The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model in particle physics. At present there are NO known elementary scalar particles in nature. There are numerous Higgsless models, which do not depend on the Higgs Boson or Higgs Field. The top contender presently is the Three-Site Higgsless model. Whether or not the Higgs Boson exists or does not exist, its importance has been completely overstated in any case, in order that in the event of its discovery the media may falsely claim to have "proved" the existence of "god!" In any case, the Higgs Boson has absolutely nothing to do with "god" and no reputable physicist has ever made such a claim. The capitalist dictatorship is desperate and reeeediculous! So do not be intimidated by their Big Lies.

Through brazen false arguments and bizarre false analogies these phony "cosmologists" who control the airways and media, have even attempted to up the ante and generate maximum confusion by trying to brainwash people into believing that the laws of physics and theoretical astrophysics, such as the Laws of Quantum Mechanics, the Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity, etc. are "not immutable" and are in a process of "constant evolution" supposedly like species of animals in Charles Darwin's "The Evolution of Species." The laws of physical science are thus directly compared to the evolution of species of animals! Einstein therefore supposedly only has "temporary relevance" giving virtually every kind of science fiction a basis in "reality." (See: "Beyond Einstein," Discover Magazine, April 2010). Einstein is also falsely quoted as believing in god: "learning to read the laws of physics is like reading the mind of god." See comprehensive section on Einstein.

The author of the Discover Magazine article moreover disingenuously announces: "physicists should not spin any theories that require the existence of things such as multiverses, that cannot be disproved." This carefully contrived statement implies that because "multiverses," etc. supposedly cannot be disproved these fraudsters do not have to actually PROVE any piece of science fiction currently being passed off as "science." They imply that is the duty of genuine theoretical physicists to disprove every false theory used to bombard the public domain by the misnamed, so-called "intelligence community" led by heavily hyped characters such as Michio Kaku. The Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics disproves their primary concoctions and it is a rule of the Court that a witness caught in one lie in testimony does not merit any further credibility by the Jury. This is especially true in science where it is clear that, above all else, Kaku, & Co., are straining at the leash to inject confusion into basic physics and are forced to tell many lies in order to try to achieve their objectives. Their motives to create confusion are explained above. The title of the Discover Magazine article was incidentally borrowed from the very title of a 1987 book by "intelligence community" fraudster, Michio Kaku, wherein Kaku tried to popularize so-called "String Theory," concocted in the effort to try to supplant Quantum Mechanics. See below. It should be noted that Kaku, who hides his specious, bogus so-called "Beyond Einstein science," behind a phony, slick, excited and unctuously triumphal presentation, is equally at home passing off science fiction e.g. "parallel universes, time warps, time travel and the tenth dimension" as science as he is relentlessly fabricating false theories designed to compete with and supplant the natural laws of physics and to confuse as many people as possible behind a mantle of genuinely false knowledge. Based on only ONE non-cyclic Big Bang, Michio Kaku's "String Theory" is thus a back door to Creationism! Michio Kaku now openly describes himself as a neo-creationist! See below.

There is no such thing as "Dark Energy". And there was no "inflationary epoch" in the Big Bang, which supposedly "caused the Universe to expand faster than the speed of light." It did not! The so-called "Theory of Inflation" which attempts to supplant entirely the standard model of the Big Bang with "dark energy" AKA "vacuum energy" is also a total fraud! (See below) Nor has the Universe suddenly increased its rate of expansion as falsely claimed by these frauds as supposed "proof of its existence." Just the opposite! The rate of expansion of the Universe has continued to slow since the Big Bang! All previous observations have indicated that is the case! While the Red Shifts of the most distant galaxies do indicate they are receding much more rapidly than closer galaxies this is because their light originated closer to the time of the Big Bang when the expansion rate was greater, but that is not the situation today. It should therefore be noted that although we may be able to receive light from galaxies which started its journey near the beginning of star formation and galactic formation, that light does not portray the reality at this point in time of the galaxy which was the source of that light. The reality is that today most of the Universe is undoubtedly relatively uniform in its development today except where, for example, there are huge clouds of gas from super novae explosions or where there are huge accumulations of matter such as the Great Wall of galaxies, the latter of which formed due to the irregularities which occurred in the Big Bang just as in any other explosion. In other words the light from our own galaxy, the Milky Way, would appear to an observer from the most distant galaxies to be receding at the same rate that their light is receding from our own galaxy! This should be a no-brainer but is rarely if ever mentioned. The only viewpoint which is ever mentioned is from the Earth as if it were the center of creation. Which it is not!

[William H. Depperman]

Part 2 of 3:
The Universe is not open! Just like the Earth itself the spatial curvature of the Universe is NOT FLAT! It is CLOSED. In reality there are no "multiple universes," which "pop out of Black Holes" or by any other explanation. A Universe arises ONLY from a Big Bang! Although mass is infinite in a Black Hole (see above), Critical Mass does not exist! Critical Mass is attained only in the Final Singularity, when all matter in the Universe comes together in one spot in the Big Crunch prior to the Big Bang. The point when Critical Mass is reached is the point when a Big Bang occurs! See above. This is why the Large Hadron Collider cannot reproduce either the Big Bang or even a Black Hole. The reason for this is that even a Black Hole can form only when a Blue Giant star of sufficient mass collapses. This can not occur in the Large Hadron Collidor no matter how high the energies attained or how "large" the collidor itself may be claimed to be!!

Stephen Hawking's claimed existence of "exploding miniature Black Holes," which "permit particles to leak out" in a quantum process" (!), eventually causing Black Holes to "EVAPORATE" (!), due to the pretentiously designated, so-called: "Hawking Evaporation," or to "finally explode entirely" is based on fraudulent "String Theory" related mathematics and is baseless nonsense. Note that so-called "Hawking radiation" has NEVER BEEN OBSERVED and is ENTIRELY FICTITIOUS! Hawking's wild claims were based on the fact that on a visit to the USSR in 1974 the Soviet physicist Alexander Starobinsky told Hawking that according to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, rotating black holes should create and emit particles. (!) Oh? But the truth is that in a Black Hole or "Singularity" the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and ALL LAWS OF PHYSICS DO NOT APPLY and DO NOT EVEN EXIST! Starobinsky WOULD have known that fundamental fact and it cannot be ruled out that in the middle of the Cold War he may have recognized that Hawking was such a nut-job ego tripper that he would fall for virtually anything in order to make a big splash for himself in physics. And the question immediately arises, if Starobinsky really thought he had made such a profound discovery why didn't he come out with it himself? In any case there is no radiation whatsoever of any type emitted from any Black Hole itself! Nevertheless, such absurd and ridiculous claims are given credence in the media and given a heavy push on the phony "science" TV shows mentioned above and on websites which permit NO COMMENT!

It was also announced on the highly discredited "Naked Science" National Geographic (Discovery) Channel with NO PROOF WHATSOEVER and with no legitimate counter-arguments ever permitted, the totally bizarre claim that Michio Kaku's "String Theory" is "the best explanation of the origin of the Universe," which it most certainly is NOT! On that program Hawking and "String Theorists" absurdly stated: "the Big Bang occurred when gravity weakened" (!) because "after the Big Bang gravity (supposedly) entered the 7 to 9 extra dimensions (in "String Theory") and was weakened." Duh! Such rubbish! (!) Finally, after presenting one concoction after another for almost an hour falsely dressed up as "science," the April 20, 2010 "Naked Science" program (which is to be repeated!), apparently in a pathetic attempt to try to save face and keep some semblance of credibility among the growing majority of those who see through their lies, concluded with the unexpected disclaimer: "There is only one catch! There is no proof for any of this!" Right! But since then there have been no more disclaimers of these relentlessly pushed Big Lies! Parenthesis added.

There is also no "time travel" in a practical sense either despite the phenomena of time dilation described in Einstein's Special Theory and gravitational time dilation described in Einstein's General Theory, which was actually confirmed in the Pound-Rebka experiment. And there are no "wormholes." These fraudsters intone Einstein's name by falsely claiming that there are "two valid solutions" to the General Theory of Relativity which contain "wormholes." This is a Big Lie! Neither "solution" cited is actually valid! The first type falsely postulated, the "Schwarzchild wormhole," which they also falsely designate with the label "Einstein-Rosen bridges" (!?), depends on a Black Hole, "which has no charge and no angular momentum!" But ALL Black Holes rotate and thus have angular momentum! (See above.) The second type, the so-called "traversable wormholes," would require the existence of "exotic (non-baryonic) matter," which does NOT exist and which itself would violate energy conditions specified in the General Theory and would require changing space-time topology and would require regions of negative energy, which also do not actually exist in the known Universe. At best this is all mathematical imaginings of those who want to be "the next Einstein." Einstein himself realized that his later mathematical attempts to formulate a Grand Unified Theory were simply incorrect and were not leading in the right direction. In addition, there are no "strings." "String Theory" is a mathematical attempt to try to refute, compete with and supplant, NOT EXPLAIN, the Theory of Quantum Mechanics, the foundations of particle physics which were established during the first half of the twentieth century by Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Albert Einstein, etc.! See below for the most likely ready solution to the Grand Unified Theory.

On July 22, 2010 on the so-called "History Channel" Michio Kaku brazenly also falsified the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle! That principle states simply that pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot simultaneously be known to arbitrary precision. The more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be measured. In other words, the more you know the position of a particle, the less you can know about its velocity, and the more you know about the velocity of a particle, the less you can know about its instantaneous position. In his false presentation of "parallel universes,' which also involved countless other falsifications of basic physics, Kaku stated that Heisenberg stated that one particle can be in two positions simultaneously! Heisenberg never ever even suggested that!

Recent Findings Document that the Mass of the Universe
Increases as Matter Enters a Black Hole and the Final Singularity!
This Finding Totally Refutes Infinite Expansion of the Universe
And "String Theory!" The Fact That Neutrinos Have Mass Also
Provides Further Basis For the Big Crunch!"

The false claim that there is supposedly insufficient matter in the Universe to permit the Big Crunch to take place is entirely refuted by 2 discoveries. Perhaps even more significant than the work on neutrinos discussed below is the paper published on November 21, 2008 in Science. More than 99% of the visible mass of the Universe is made up of protons and neutrons. Recent calculations of the mass of the nucleus found that matter, which is composed of protons and neutrons, which are in turn are composed of quarks held together with gluons by the strong force, normally exists as 95% energy, according to the formula from Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: E=mc2! This provides further confirmation for the Big Crunch! Why? The reason, not drawn as a conclusion by the authors of the paper, is that in a Black Hole and moreover in the final Black Hole, the "Singularity," that relationship would be 100% reversed, with all matter existing in the form of mass: m=E/c2. The mass of the Universe would therefore increase according to these findings as matter enters a Black Hole as energy shifts to its mass equivalent! (Science, Vol. 322, 5905:1198-1199 and 1124-1127) Obviously this is the precise opposite of what occurs in a nuclear explosion where matter is converted entirely to energy according to the equation E=mc2. On the other hand such tidbit reports as "Excess Particles From Space may Hint at Dark Matter," (Science, Vol. 322, 5905:1173) are only red herrings meant to titillate, to keep attention diverted away from focusing on key findings of genuine significance. There is no such thing as "dark matter."

The discovery that neutrinos have mass also provides a further basis for the Big Crunch. This fact was first reported on July 1, 1998 by a collaboration of 120 U.S. and Japanese physicists at the Neutrino 98 meeting in Takayama, Japan and submitted to Physical Review Letters. (By Super-Kamiokande Collaboration (Y. Fukuda et al.) Phys.Rev.Lett.81:1562-1567,1998.) Neutrinos have sufficient weight to allow the Big Crunch! The experiment measured the differences in mass of the three types of neutrinos to be 0.1 eV or greater. The group reported that the simplest interpretation of the solar and atmospheric results is that the heaviest neutrino has a mass of 0.1 eV. However, they reported that since oscillations between the 3 types of neutrinos depend only on the differences in mass it is possible that the masses of all three neutrinos are fully 1 eV or greater, but that it is the mass differences which are much smaller. (They allow for the "possibility." How nice! They know that the majority of physicists do not simply automatically accept the interpretation which is first proffered.)

This makes the most sense and is of course suppressed for political reasons. (See below.) If the mass of the neutrino is 1 eV that would mean that neutrinos account for more mass in the Universe than all of the protons and neutrons put together easily supplying the supposed "missing matter" necessary for the Big Crunch. As mentioned the critical mass density required for the Big Crunch to occur is 1 x 10 to the negative 29th of a gram per cubic centimeter (approximately 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter), according to the calculation from the General Theory of Relativity. In addition, the fact that neutrinos have mass also provides the basis for the Grand Unified Theory which links the gravitational force described in the General Theory of Relativity with the strong and the weak forces and electromagnetism described in the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. Einstein struggled and failed to formulate this theory, but it has already been shown that at high enough energies electromagnetism and the weak force are the same force known as the electroweak force. It is theorized that if energies are increased even further and neutrinos acquire mass, which has now been fully documented, all the known forces will reduce to the same force thus providing the basis for the Grand Unified Theory. This high energy level existed only during the very early expansion of the Universe known as the Planck Epoch, which existed up to 10 to the negative 43rd seconds after the Big Bang, where the four fundamental forces ? electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force and gravitation ? all had the same strength. After that point the energy level decreased and gravity separated from the other 3 fundamental forces and with the condensation of matter into the elementary particles (quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons) formed the so-called Standard Model of today's Universe. These facts, while available, are de-emphasized by the capitalist dictatorship propaganda machine with the false claim that "no one?not even Einstein?has been able formulate the Grand Unified Theory," in order to try to open the door to fraudulent "string theory." The 1998 report that neutrinos have mass was blipped in the media and then neutrino research was de-funded worldwide and thereafter suppressed for a period of time. Wonder why?? It is time to employ some inductive reasoning, which is in fact scientific reasoning. (Note: in order to understand the relationship of the 4 primary forces which exist in the universe: the typical field strength of the strong nuclear force is 100 times the strength of the electromagnetic force, approximately 10 x13 times as great as that of the weak nuclear force, and about 10 x38 times that of gravitation.)

The Big Crunch will arrive on schedule and another Universe will begin! Einstein once said that a theory of the Universe should be both simple and elegant. Hawking sounds like a total jerk when he states that the Big Crunch is "too neat" and he prefers the "Big Rip." Whaaa? See below. Einstein would definitely be rolling over in his grave if he were made aware of today's totally contrived "science" especially the attempt by these fakers to re-introduce his fudge factor, the so-called "cosmological constant," which Einstein invented/fabricated to allow for a static solution to his equations and a static Universe, which he was later forced to admit was false after the discovery of the Redshift by Edwin Hubble, which occurs when light or any type of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies shifts toward longer wavelengths, the less energetic part of the spectrum, due to the Doppler effect. The Red Shift indicates that those galaxies are moving away from our galaxy, the Milky Way (and vice versa) and that the Universe is (still) expanding, while it is also simultaneously contracting on another level as explained. The Redshift in light from receding galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. That is Hubble's Law.

The false assumption of a static Universe had prevented Einstein from predicting that the Universe was expanding. Einstein admitted that the "cosmological constant" was his "biggest blunder." In December 1930 Einstein went to Cal Tech on a visiting professorship where he worked with Edwin Hubble and reportedly also apologized for his error. In 1998 the U.S. so-called "intelligence community," directed their fleet of fake "cosmologists" and some opportunist and duped astrophysicists to try to pass off Einstein's fraudulent cosmological constant as the entirely fictitious and admittedly totally unexplained so-called "dark energy," (!) AKA "quintessence, " which is supposedly responsible for a claimed "speeding up of the rate of expansion of the Universe," which is NOT in fact actually occurring, and is even a supposed reason for the Bermuda Triangle! This rubbish, as mentioned, has even been forced into advanced textbooks in astrophysics as supposed good coin. The reason for these wholesale falsifications of astrophysics is due to the capitalists' desperation to establish a false basis to claim that the Universe supposedly had a single creation and that it will expand infinitely rather than collapse once again in the Big Crunch completing another cycle in an infinite number. The U.S. governments' fictitious position is deliberately designed to try to allow for the existence of a "god" as "the creator."

The reason that the capitalists have formed an alliance with religion is that the capitalists depend on religion, belief in god and the supernatural as important weapons of deception directed against the masses! This also helps explain the appearance of fraudulent so-called "string theory" which falsely postulates multiple Universes, eleven dimensions, rather than the 4 dimensions which actually do measurably exist. Stephen Hawking, the ego-tripping, media-hyped "cosmologist" is once again postulating supposed "wormholes from one Universe to another" as well as supposed "wormholes" from one end of our Universe to the other to permit time travel "faster than the speed of light" (both of which are completely refuted by the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle not to mention Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity!). While Hawking temporarily retreated on the issue of time travel on being so reminded before recently re-embracing what he fully knows to be total nonsense, Heisenberg and other obstacles and impossible paradoxes preventing time travel are also brazenly ignored by others who are professional police-agent propagandists fully committed to such Big Lies of confusion such as the New York Times' despicable Dennis Overbye and Nicholas Wade (Oy!), Brian Greene and the WBAI/CUNY huckster and self-described neo-creationist Michio Kaku, who claims to be an expert on everything, allowing him to cover up inter alia the documented fact that AIDS is Biowarfare by the U.S. Government Against Blacks and Gays primarily. Assuming the mantle of false authority, Kaku also tries to confuse his trusting, credulous, duped and even fawning listeners (including CCNY students!) on innumerable other issues. Kaku appears regularly on the BBC, Network TV "News" and elsewhere to push the new "scientific" fiction while steering false propaganda on astronomical events or physics research, the latter of which is largely controlled by the falsely labeled U.S. "intelligence community."

Note that on June 10, 2010 on ABC World News with Diane Sawyer Stephen Hawking also openly defined himself as a new style neo-creationist similar to Obama's new head of NIH Francis Collins, and Michio Kaku (see below), providing false, specious Templeton foundation (see below) reasoning in order to make it appear possible to reconcile "god" and science, when he stated: "What could define God is thinking of God as the embodiment of the laws of nature." (Demonstrating the reach and determination of the misnamed "intelligence community," to brainwash the masses, Hawking's false message has even been plastered in NYC Subway car in the form of "a personal choice!") Although Hawking tried to cover himself: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works," all of Hawking's fraudulent "science" and adherence to "String Theory" lead right back to the existence of "god" as explained herein. But there is NO proof of the existence of "god" and WHO MADE "GOD?" Man!

Despite Stephen Hawking's False Claims
Time Travel is NOT Possible!

Normally the topic of time travel would not be covered to this extent, but this issue must be considered at greater length because Stephen Hawking is a high profile celebrity balloon being foisted on an unsuspecting public and provided a TV and media stage to promote his total nonsense by the U.S. "intelligence community." The media is using genuinely hypnotic, phantasmagorical, digitally enhanced false presentations by Hawking and others on the National Geographic TV Channel and other channels in order to distract from the central facts of theoretical astrophysics as presented herein and in order to try to keep the masses confused from every conceivable angle. Because of what amounts to a provocation, namely the recent onslaught of Big Lie "science" bombarding the TV airways, it behooves this writer to further refute the lies being hawked by Stephen Hawking and his NASA cronies. Hawking falsely claims: "there are wormholes everywhere in the 3 dimensional world and they exist also in the fourth dimension, where they exist at one billion trillionth trillionth of a centimeter! Trust me!" Right! Hawking tells us that "wormholes form in the so-called 'quantum foam,'" where supposedly he can avoid violating Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and other laws and paradoxes which do not permit backwards time travel. See above. But Hawking cannot avoid the uncertainty principle and the paradoxes which prevent backwards "time travel" either by "wormholes" or by any other means! And he knows it! "Quantum foam" is supposedly a description of subatomic spacetime turbulence at extremely small distances of the order of the Planck length. At such small scales of time and space the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle supposedly allows particles and energy to briefly come into existence, and then annihilate, without violating the law of conservation of mass and energy! But then Hawking bizarrely claims: "scientists will eventually capture and ENLARGE a worm hole a trillion times to be large enough for a space ship?to travel at 99% the speed of light?after 6 years in flight," supposedly to get up speed. (See below.) A totally bizarre and ridiculous assertion in itself!

At the enlarged size we must assume then that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and all Laws and paradoxes WILL once again apply and prevent backwards time travel Presto, no backward time travel for Stephen Hawking! Hawking is finally forced to concede that going backwards in time is not possible because cause and effect would be reversed, which is not possible. In addition to this most obvious paradox of causality, two other unresolvable problems in backward time travel exist: 1.) Traveling backwards in time would also violate the law that the mass-energy of the Universe must remain constant, within the limits of the uncertainty principle. For example, a person traveling backwards in time would increase the mass of the universe at that point, which is not possible. 2.) Traveling backward in time would also cause a decrease in the Universe's entropy, which always increases at a nonnegative rate. Forward time travel on the other hand generates no paradoxes and is described by Special and General Relativity but is not practical in reality.

Forward time travel in a practical sense is also not really possible. Hawking, however, insists it is supposedly possible if in order to reach a speed close enough to the speed of light in order to achieve the objective, a rocket ship course is set for just a little off center of the Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way Galaxy (!?), or a course is set to travel around the Earth for 6 years finishing at 99% the speed of light (somehow), which would supposedly allow travel 100 years into the future. As noted previously, mass becomes infinite at the speed of light and even well before the half-way point is reached the increased MASS of Hawking's spaceship would indubitably prevent its further acceleration even if primitive rocketry were replaced by a UFO-type engine. Hawking describes his "spaceship" as "HUGE, because of all the FUEL it would have to carry," (Think oil companies drilling into the future!) and is actually pictured as the typical cumbersome, multiple-defense-contract, primitive rocket powered NASA-inspired aerodynamically-ridiculous, Star Trek-type science fiction movie vehicle! Never even a mention of a nuclear powered flying saucer with the electromagnetic anti-gravity engine, which would be required for any interstellar voyages! All things considered it is time to wise up! Stephen Hawking is NOT a genius in any sense of the word. His false propaganda musings also demonstrate that his general knowledge and even his scientific knowledge outside of mathematics is actually very, very limited! We are left to fawn over such nonsense.

A Further Note on Michio Kaku:

It is a rule of statecraft that a government control and operate its own "opposition." In the United States, the center of world capitalism-imperialism, the capitalist dictatorship controls the leadership of all supposed "left," "socialist" or "Communist" political groups and parties. In addition, the capitalists also control the leaderships of all conspiracy groups and single-issue groups where the solutions are always based on the number one Big Lie of capitalism, i.e. that capitalism can be reformed, which it cannot. Single-issue groups represent divide (and conquer) of various political issues/problems most of which are created or perpetuated by capitalism, none of which are properly connected and linked to the need for a Socialist Revolution in the United States. Kaku began his political career by being placed at the front of the single-issue Anti-Nuclear Movement. Kaku began his work in the "intelligence community" in the early 1960's just out of high school as a mathematical whiz kid, by becoming a prot?g? of Edward Teller, the "father of the Hydrogen Bomb" and the Neutron Bomb, the latter which is designed to kill people primarily while leaving property private property intact, the ultimate capitalist weapon.

A person or group is defined politically by what the person or group says and what it does not say and by what the person or group does and does not do. Unlike Stephen Hawking, Kaku's words and actions, in addition to his history, clearly identify him as a political police agent provocateur. (See below.) Kaku worked with Teller at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, which is directly connected to both the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Kaku undoubtedly had top clearance from Edward Teller and moved freely between all three and has stated that at the time he was involved with developing the next stage of nuclear weapons research with Teller. Kaku claims that in the early 1980's he gave up a career in nuclear weapons design and was "attracted to the peace movement and anti-nuclear movement" supposedly "because of Pacifica radio programs" he heard in the 1960's. Oy! Right! I don't believe you!

The truth is that the U.S. "intelligence community" needed a young loyal, glib, supposedly "anti-nuclear" authority figure as a counter-insurgent (political police agent) to help keep the Anti-Nuclear Movement anti-Communist and help lead it to defeat and recruited Kaku, undoubtedly with Teller's recommendation, immediately putting him in front of the demonstrations at Columbia University against the Triga Reactor on campus in the wake of the Three-Mile Island meltdown, his debut attended by this writer at that first demonstration. (When the U.S. Department of Energy converted the fuel in Triga reactors from uranium zirconium hydride to low-enriched uranium a meltdown became possible at the university setting, which had been virtually impossible previously.) Note also that there is an apparent difference between Michio Kaku and Stephen Hawking: Though their positions more or less coincide, Hawking is apparently motivated by personal aggrandizement and his desire to be awarded a Nobel Prize (for what Stephen?for COOPERATING?), while the media, an arm of the "intelligence community" provides maximum exposure to all of his fantastical, reactionary and genuinely unscientific theories/imaginings, in multiple full-hour TV shows on the "Discovery Channel," for example. Michio Kaku also heads up the same full-hour TV shows but his reactionary political role on the other hand more easily identifies him as a highly motivated political police agent, whose background and objectives are explained above. They both play a negative role.

Almost immediately Kaku sold out his supposed anti-nuclear "credentials" by writing a 1982 book with the title "Nuclear Power: Both Sides," (!) which presented arguments against nuclear power followed by false "arguments" for nuclear power in order to keep the option of nuclear power viable! The book does NOT emphasize the BOTTOM LINE OF NUCLEAR POWER UP FRONT,: namely that nuclear power produces permanently non-disposable nuclear waste which will eventually get back into the environment through ground water, etc! Nuclear waste can NEVER EVER be disposed of! Period! Thus, there can be NO VIABLE HONEST PRO-NUCLEAR POSITION! This is what Kaku soft peddles! On February 4, 2010 Obama, by Bush-style executive decree, ordered that a new nuclear reactors should be built using $54 billion of stimulus money under the Big Lie false claim that nuclear power, which produces the dirtiest, most dangerous and totally non-disposable nuclear waste, was now supposedly "clean energy." (!) While the U.S. government-led "Anti-Nuclear Movement" remained silent! By executive decree Obama also ordered stimulus money to fund (non-existent) "clean coal" and drilling for oil off the U.S. coastline which has destroyed all marine life and completely polluted the nations beaches as the capitalist dictatorship has already done in the Gulf of Mexico! Demonstrating that the capitalist dictatorship has NO intention whatsoever of trying to reverse Global Warming its response has been to continue and intensify the drilling and mining for all fossil fuels, which is the reason for Global Warming has occurred in the first place!

It should also be noted that Kaku was trained in the infantry and was all set to be deployed to Viet Nam just "when the war ended" in 1975, while his fellow inductees were sitting down on the wharfs in San Francisco and refusing to even get into the troop ships while a MUTINY broke out in Vietnam, which forced the total evacuation of all U.S. forces within days and hours, while our little patriot Kaku was all raring and ready to go and fight those dastardly Communists in Viet Nam. Anti-Communism remains Kaku's primary political motivation. Kaku hides the fact that a million-strong Communist movement in the United States was the only thing which forced FDR to formulate the New Deal Social Programs, which the capitalist dictatorship under Obama is now trying to abolish in practice. In order to begin to abolish the function of Social Security, i.e. to keep older people alive, one of the first things Obama did was to terminate permanently for all practical purposes the Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) for Social Security on April 22, 2009, while previously forcing banks to accept $4.7 Trillion (!) for "bank bailouts" in order to divert that money from social programs, which is the same objective of Reagan/Bush /Obama Supply Side Trickle Down, Tax-Cut Economics. Pretending to "spar with the Republicans over how to revive the ailing economy" is designed to provide Obama "left" cover while hiding the fact that the only "solution" discussed, SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS, was designed as a trick to divert money from social spending. See: "The Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed" by David Stockman, Reagan's Economic Czar. Keynesian solutions used by FDR during the New Deal and WWII, which create large-scale public jobs programs stimulate DEMAND, the engine of any economy, the only solution to the present Depression, are not mentioned.

On July 5, 2010 on BBC TV Kaku totally exposed himself as a neo-creationist similar to Francis Collins Obama's new head of the NIH (see below) and Stephen Hawking! Kaku let his political-religious motives all hang out in a response to a BBC report about the Plank Telescope. Kaku falsely claimed that Plank maps showed "the speed of light was exceeded in the Big Bang explosion due to dark energy," which would violate the Special Theory of Relativity and is a total lie (see above), then claimed that the Planck Telescope will be looking for evidence of "worm holes," "multiverses" and "space time foam" (AKA "Quantum Foam") now heavily pushed by the discredited Stephen Hawking, NASA and Kaku in an attempt to supplant quantum mechanics with Stringa and M-Theory. Although he tried to cover himself saying: "this is all controversial," Kaku openly identified himself as a neo-creationist: "We want to find the explanation for the creation, the Genesis, of the Universe." Hawking's new claim of "spontaneous creation" is also a total fraud. The origin of matter is an unknowable! (See below.)

The misnamed, so-called "intelligence community" of the U.S.-led World Dictatorship of Millionaires and Billionaires is using Michio Kaku, his NASA cronies and apparently Stephen Hawking to try to take over physics and science from the inside and "the top" and make neo-creationism the default belief taught in physics and science courses in the schools, colleges and universities. In addition to trying to supplant Relativity and Quantum Mechanics the dictatorship is also attempting to supplant the Standard Model of the Theory of the Big Bang with the magically fraudulent, so-called "Theory of Inflation," or "inflationary epoch," which falsely depends on properties of elementary particles not accounted for in the standard big bang models, plus fictitious "dark energy." Supposedly about 10-35 seconds after the Big Bang "dark energy," which they interchangeably label "vacuum energy," suddenly appeared from nowhere and as a consequence of this "vacuum energy" gravitation supposedly became "repulsive for a period of about 10-32 seconds." (!) During this period the Universe supposedly expanded from a volume that was only a few centimeters across (!) increasing its size scale by about a factor of 1050. (!) Totally ridiculous! There was NO sudden "inflation of the time-space continuum!" The purpose of this attempt to inject "dark energy sudden expansion" is to promote magical and superstitious religious belief?not science?and to fraudulently reduce the actual Age of the Universe in accordance with the objective of the so-called "Key Project" to try to refute the Big Crunch and Cyclic Nature of the Universe. (See below.)

The Standard Model of the Big Bang is based on detailed estimations of temperature change, energy density and thermal equilibrium, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and relativity. Not violations of Relativity! The Standard Model of the Big Bang describes a sudden explosion/expansion during the first 3 minutes when matter was dominant but where elementary particles inter-converted with radiation according to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: E=mc2. That explosion/expansion continued during a period where radiation dominated, which lasted for 700,000 years, or "absolute time units," during which the Universe was opaque. When the temperature fell from 100 million degrees Centigrade to 3,000 degrees Kelvin matter again became dominant and the Universe first became transparent to radiation. Actual star formation probably could not have begun before about 1 billion years. The reality is that the Big Bang could at no time have proceeded faster than the speed of light! See: "The First Three Minutes" Steven Weinberg 1977, Basic Books, New York. But even Weinberg considers "Genesis" to be an important issue and moreover displays virtually no knowledge or understanding of Black Holes supposedly and provides a false description of the Big Crunch, an explanation which he strongly discourages, and where Black Holes receive no mention whatever and presumably play no part. (!)

Apparently in reaction to having Michio Kaku & Co. exposed all over the Internet as a falsifier of basic theoretical astrophysics, etc., the misnamed "intelligence community" has given Kaku a huge media pump and put him front and center on U.S. government network news programs, where Kaku has made the brazen assertion that the Large Hadron Collider will "prove the existence of string theory and parallel universes"! Then on July 22, 2010, Kaku and his retinue on the "History Channel," promising to "boggle your mind" (!) pulled out all the stops going for broke and coming on like exultant gangbusters, intensified their push of fraudulent "string theory" and now "membrane theory" (!) and their denial of Relativity (Special Theory and General Theory) and Heisenberg.

The Truth About Unidentified Flying Objects
UFOs (Flying Saucers) and Extraterrestrial Life:

At the risk of sensationalizing the Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics this writer and many colleagues believe that is important to respond to and put into proper perspective the U.S. Government's official position on: 1.) UFOs, and 2.) Extraterrestrial life, 3.) The consistently hostile portrayal of both by the media/entertainment industry, which is simply an arm of the U.S. Government's dishonestly labeled brainwash operation known as the "intelligence community." (See above.) This includes the most recent attack on "aliens" by Stephen Hawking, who is increasingly discredited among scientists but still heavily hyped by the capitalist dictatorship as he becomes more bizarre in his pronouncements, for reasons explained above. First of all, it is important to restate one of the fundamental Rules of Statecraft, namely that a government control and operate its own "opposition." Within the capitalist dictatorship this applies not only to political parties and organizations as explained above but also to virtually every important issue and of course includes the hot topic of UFOs and extraterrestrial life. Note that despite an enormous effort to deny it the June 8, 1908 Tunguska explosion in Siberia was a nuclear explosion equal to 30 million tons of TNT and is further proof of the existence of UFOs. In addition, the cylindrical fireball made 2 right-angle turns and exploded at between 2 to 3 miles altitude, and at ground zero left fused particles of magnetite, germanium (used in semiconductors) and silicate globules with traces of copper (possibly from wire), cobalt and nickel, not present in meteorites or comets. Ground zero precisely resembled ground zero at Hiroshima. In addition, the enormous heat of the explosion melted the permafrost in the Taiga and created several small lakes. There was NO loss of life in the explosion apparently because those in the flying saucer knew the area was uninhabited. See the deliberately obscurely entitled "The Fire Came By" by Baxter and Atkins, Doubleday 1976. At 5:11 PM on December 9, 1997 over the uninhabited southern tip of Greenland another "fireball," a nuclear powered UFO, exploded at about the same height as in Tunguska and was "so bright as to turn night into day at a distance of 60 miles, and can be compared to the light of a nuclear explosion in the atmosphere." New York Times, December 19, 1997, Page A17.

It is a fact that ever since the film "The Day The Earth Stood Still" appeared in 1951 starring Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal and Sam Jaffe, where UFOs and alien life are portrayed favorably (see below), all portrayals by the capitalist dictatorship of alien life have been hostile and/or maximally dishonest. The reason is that the overwhelming majority of people on this planet already believe that UFOs exist and many have seen flying saucers themselves. But the U.S.-led world capitalist dictatorship will NEVER EVER officially acknowledge the presence of UFOs and will always deny their existence because by so doing they would be openly admitting that the present "civilization" on Earth is a low-level inferior civilization, which more advanced civilizations REFUSE TO MAKE ANY OFFICIAL CONTACT WITH! Acknowledging the existence of UFOs (flying saucers) would immediately also raise that crucial question of WHY the more advanced civilizations, which have solved the problem of space travel between stars, do NOT contact the governments of Earth. The reason is elementary and it is fundamental.

The Rule of Advanced Civilizations Never to Contact Lower Civilizations:

It is obviously a Rule of Advanced Civilizations never to make direct or official contact with a lower civilization defined as 1.) A civilization which has not advanced to World Socialism, which is the only way to permanently abolish the basis of all war on that planet as well as all threats to visiting civilizations and 2.) A civilization that officially denies the existence of UFOs and simultaneously expresses NOTHING but hatred, fear and hostility directed at UFOs and extraterrestrial life in its "popular culture," e.g. films. 3.) A civilization which has not developed the nuclear powered electromagnetic anti-gravity engine which is used to power travel between stars. Obviously no advanced civilization which has visited Earth would even dream of making official contact with such a civilization which now fulfills ALL of the above criteria and represents nothing but potential danger to them. Such an advanced civilization could never share ANY scientific information with such a lower civilization, such as the mechanism of the electromagnetic anti-gravity engine because lower civilizations, which have not reached the stage of World Socialism are fundamentally based on war, mass murder, crime and subjugation to steal new resources and new markets to increase private profits, and would immediately turn around and attack the advanced civilization. This is a no-brainer and we have to give the advanced civilization credit for some brains. The government uses "Alien abduction" claims to discredit UFO reports in general but they may have some truth.

The United States government and other governments control virtually all information on UFOs. This includes virtually the entire Internet! With one exception observed by this writer, it is noteworthy that in this age of super high quality cell phone cameras with video capabilities, that there is NOT even one good photograph or video of a UFO publicly available. The exception was a short video, which appeared on RT Russian Television in the United States suddenly at the end of a news broadcast approximately 2 years ago and was BLIPPED one time only. The very clear video was of a UFO from a very short distance of no more than about 50 yards. There was no mistaking what it was and RT Russian Television provided no commentary. The Russian Federation was obviously tweaking their U.S. "partners" and naturally there was no comment by the U.S.

It is absolutely certain that all UFOs come from within out own galaxy because the nearest other galaxy is Andromeda, which is 2,500,000 light years away, a distance so great that it would completely rule out intergalactic travel. The descriptions of the extraterrestrials from the July 1947 Roswell, New Mexico UFO crash describe very thin humanlike individuals somewhat smaller than humans with bilateral symmetry and large heads. Other reports concur with this description. The reason that they are so thin is due to calcium loss from the bones over generations of space travel. These advanced civilizations undoubtedly also use suspended animation during their very long interstellar journeys and/or employ in vivo telomerase to permanently halt all aging. Evolution rules out entirely the fantastical forms of extraterrestrial life imagined by Stephen Hawking apparently inspired by other U.S. government-approved science fiction writers, including those who were responsible for the film "Independence Day," etc. See below. Such increasingly crazed statements by people such as Stephen Hawking are thus also a direct attack on Evolution. Regarding speed of interstellar travel: mass becomes infinite as one approaches the speed of light. This would limit in a very practical sense the speed of interstellar travel to perhaps half the speed of light at most if that. That is still very fast and their actual velocity is probably much less actually. Those who set out on such missions from other planets know that they will never return because the distances are so vast. They are comparable to Lewis and Clark type exploratory expeditions. They would make their reports over the years, which would travel at the speed of light but would still take a long time to reach home.

Any and all supposed threats to "invade Earth," "drain its resources" and/or "colonize Earth" are entirely false and fictitious. The movie "Independence Day" was made to refurbish U.S. patriotism/jingoism and incite hatred of all "aliens" and most certainly does not concur with the descriptions in all previous reports of UFOs and of extraterrestrial life dating back for millennia. Note that even the Back to Africa Movement of Marcus Garvey could never have been accomplished because of the huge increase in the number of Black people in the U.S. since the advent of slavery. Colonizing and taking over an inhabited planet is thus sheer total nonsense. The "attempts" by NASA, etc. to "launch space probes to contact aliens" are just going through the motions and are just another denial of the fact that UFOs have been documented to have visited the Earth for millennia according to primitive drawings on the walls of caves and later depictions in other societies. No advanced civilization would want to advertise its presence to lower civilizations because of the threat described above, so even the giant Arecibo Radiotelescope in Puerto Rico is unlikely to detect presence of advanced "aliens."

The capitalist dictatorship uses every conceivable thing possible, even the threat of future invasions of aliens or rogue asteroids to try to generate the MASS PSYCHOLOGY OF CRISIS, which causes the masses to rally around and increase trust in the government no matter how oppressive and irresponsible it is, with the expectation that it will protect them. Incidentally, the strategy to divert even rather large asteroids has already been worked out in detail but is rarely mentioned in order to maintain as much fear and foreboding as possible, and simply involves detonating a nuclear device to the side of the asteroid, not on it, in order to divert it, not shatter it into multiple pieces, which would otherwise all be directed at Earth. Note that the so-called "War on Terror" is also designed to generate the Mass Psychology of Crisis in providing the pretext to maintain capitalism in its Final Stage of Permanent War and State Terrorism. If Islamic Fundamentalism did not exist it would have to be invented, because it is perfect for organizing and manipulating Mass Provocations as the pretext for the so-called War on Terror. Under Islam the only solution to U.S. aggression is a bomb NEVER Socialism. (See below)

[William H. Depperman]

This update is added in order is to address a recent sophisticated yet simultaneously clumsy attempt to try to discredit the Theory of the Big Bang/Big Crunch Infinite Cycle of the Universe and to render confusion in a paper and book by Stephen Hawking crony, Robert Penrose, plus some political updating:

Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics

The Capitalist Dictatorship Deliberately Falsifies Basic Science!
Stephen Hawking, Michio Kaku, Wendy Freedman, Dennis
Overbye, Nicholas Wade, Brian Greene, etc. Are Exposed as Liars!
Self-Described Neo-Creationists Hawking and Kaku Are
Leading a Takeover Attempt of Theoretical Astrophysics!

Today basic medicine, science including climatology, astrophysics and even both Einstein's Special Theory and General Theory of Relativity are brazenly and routinely falsified at the direction of genuinely Fascist elements for political/religious reasons. These scientifically fabricated and bizarre distortions are mixed in with some actual science and are passed off as "the new science" in exhaustive mesmerizing falsifications lasting for hours on NOVA, FRONTLINE, National Geographic Channel, CUNY TV, "Discovery Channel" and even the so-called "History Channel." There is also a simultaneous attempt to create a sense of panic in order to help generate the Mass Psychology of Crisis based on falsely claimed imminent threats from space from rogue asteroids to Stephen Hawking's alarmist claim of future invasions by inevitably hostile space aliens. See section below on UFOs and Extraterrestrial Life. In addition, the above-mentioned so-called "cosmologists" publish an endless stream of books, videos and magazine and newspaper articles, not to mention the new textbooks, to try to popularize their fiction and pass it off as good coin. The media, including the science media is simply a privatized arm of the U.S. "intelligence agency," an actual army of legions of professional liars in every area of politics and academic discipline and includes even so-called "comedians" working in service to the capitalist dictatorship of millionaires and billionaires. The U.S. media is very similar to Blackwater, Dyncorp, Custer Battles and Triple Canopy, etc. the armed military contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan, except that the media has always been privatized. Can you say Total Brainwash of the youth? Not to mention the adult population! Note that Stephen Hawking and Michio Kaku, who are leading the takeover attempt of theoretical astrophysics and "cosmology," now both openly describe themselves as neo-creationist/"intelligent design" advocates and are campaigning through their statements to make neo-creationism the default belief taught in schools, colleges and universities! (See below.) Although Hawking simultaneously tries to deny this all his statements are contrived to lead to the same "conclusion." The title and contents of Hawking's book: "The Grand Design" is an example.

There is also a maximal attempt to confuse the masses in order to keep them susceptible to the constant stream of lies originating from NASA and the U.S. government. These lies include but are not limited to multiple false theories of the origin of life which include: 1.) so-called "panspermia," 2.) evolution of life from submarine vents and now preposterously 3.) hypothetical civilizations based on arsenic (!) not phosphorus, all of which are fully disproved below. NASA first threatened to ram through a revisit of the Moon and a Mars mission before Obama under some public pressure temporarily cancelled the Moon and Mars ventures and made asteroids the first priority in order to lay the groundwork for an asteroid fear campaign to help reinforce the Mass Psychology of Crisis partially achieved by the "War on Terror," complete with multiple U.S.-government-assisted and/or instigated mass provocations. U.S. "intelligence" has increased the number of these provocations in order to manipulate support for the Final Stage of Capitalism: Permanent War and State Terrorism! See below. There is also no possibility that a manned trip to Mars would ever return. Rocketry is a primitive form of space travel and there is no acknowledged attempt of efforts to develop the nuclear powered electromagnetic anti-gravity engine used by so-called UFOs, which are documented to have visited the Earth for Millennia. Such "space missions" along with "Supply-Side Economics" and the $4.7 trillion bank bailouts (!), are another fraudulent pretext to divert money from social spending and to decrease the U.S. living standard in accordance with Globalism, while trying simultaneously to try to boost U.S. patriotism from its nadir. The widespread academic opposition to these far-ranging falsifications of science in order to manipulate the public consciousness is never given equal time! We demand and will take some time to refute the U.S.-led capitalist dictatorship's lies.

The Capitalist Dictatorship's Attempt to Falsify the
Age of the Universe to Help Provide False Belief in "god"

The capitalists have tried to falsify the actual age of the Universe and the infinite cycle of a Big Bang followed by a Big Crunch, meaning a closed rather than an open Universe, because the reality of a closed Universe does not fit with the religious brainwash of a single creation and belief in a supernatural fictitious "god." (The statecraft of capitalism's alliance with religion and belief in "god" and other superstition is exposed further below.) The reality is that the process of contraction of the Universe began soon after the Big Bang, which began the process of expansion. The process of contraction began with the first condensations of gas after the Big Bang. At first the process of expansion was dominant, but the processes of expansion and contraction exist simultaneously from shortly after the Big Bang until finally the process of contraction becomes dominant and all galactic matter is finally drawn into Supermassive Black Holes, which today form the centers of all spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies in the process of becoming spiral galaxies. These Supermassive Black Holes, which are growing larger continuously, finally link up all existing matter of the Universe at one spot, one huge super-maximal Black Hole known as the Singularity in the Big Crunch, at which time Critical Mass in the true and ultimate sense is reached for another Big Bang Cycle and the beginning of another Universe. This analysis clearly and conclusively demonstrates that THERE WAS NO "MOMENT OF CREATION" because all the matter for this Universe already existed in its pure nuclear form in the Singularity from a previous Big Crunch which preceded the Big Bang which began our present Universe. And the origin of matter is PROVED to be an unknowable. (See below.) This is the ONLY explanation which fits the facts! See below for comment on Roger Penrose and his recently published paper and book where he invents a highly contrived but easily disproved counter "theory" to the Big Bang Big Crunch Cycle of the Universe in order to try to discredit the cyclic nature of the Universe.

Ninety-five Percent of Matter in the Universe Exists in the Form of Energy According
To Einstein's Formula E=mc2! Black Holes Completely Reverse that Relationship and
Solve the Equation for Mass: m=E/c2 thus Supplying the so-called "Missing Mass"!

The critical mass density required for the Big Crunch to occur is 1 x 10 to the negative 29th of a gram per cubic centimeter (approximately 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter), according to the calculation from the General Theory of Relativity, which predicted Black Holes. Neutrinos are now known to have mass which may be sufficient to supply the supposed "missing mass." (See below.) But probably even more significant is the recent paper in Science, November 21, 2008, (Vol. 322, 5905:1198-1199 and 1124-1127), which shows that 95% of matter in the Universe exists in the form of energy according to Einstein's formula E=mc2. This relationship would reverse in a Black Hole and the so-called "missing mass" would gradually appear as the contraction of the Universe allowed the energy-mass relationship to shift so that in a practical and real sense Einstein's formula would be solved for mass: m=E/c2. Though the authors of the paper fail to draw this conclusion that is the inescapable significance of those papers. See below. The fact that the expansion and contraction of the Universe occur simultaneously is one more example of the Law of Unity of Opposites, the Second Law of Dialectical and Historical Materialism and demonstrates the correctness of the scientific philosophy of Dialectical and Historical Materialism, as opposed to the false philosophies of idealism and metaphysics, which are the only philosophies permitted to be seriously taught in U.S. colleges and universities, and which form the underlying basis for all phony "cosmological" theory! See further below!

Black Holes Rotate on an Axis and Have
Mass and a Size, which Can Be Calculated!

In addition, in the Big Crunch matter most certainly does NOT collapse to "less than the size of a single molecule," a totally ridiculous assertion by the so-called "string theorists" (see below) designed to try to discredit the Theory of the Big Bang/Big Crunch Cycle of the Universe. The Black Hole in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is 15 million miles in diameter?not "the size of a single molecule"! Black Holes are formed exclusively of condensed nuclear material; protons and neutrons (composed of quarks) and electrons (composed of leptons) devoid of their orbits and all motion, all collapsed together. The end point of all matter in the Big Crunch is a Single Black Hole, the so-called "Singularity." The size of the final "Singularity" which forms prior to the Big Bang would thus be quite large because it must contain all the nuclear material in the entire Universe. All Black Holes have the same mass density, which is said to be infinite, and which vary only in actual mass depending on how many stars and how much nuclear material they contain. The only difference is the difference in mass, which is constantly increasing as matter changes from its energy form when entering a Black Hole. See above cited article in Nature, November 21, 2008. Note that while some of the information provided below may appear to be somewhat technical it is necessary for any subsequent challenges which might be made of this dialectical and historical materialist analysis. An educated reader should be able to understand most of it and follow for the most part the explanations, which have in turn vast political implications. A few key references are provided and the reader can research the area independently.

Black Holes have mass and size just as neutron stars (pulsars) also have mass!! All Black Holes, both Stellar Black Holes and Supermassive Black Holes (the result of combination of millions of solar masses) which form the center of evolving elliptical galaxies and all spiral galaxies, also rotate extremely rapidly just like neutron stars, some of which are estimated to be only 8 to 20 miles in diameter, and rotate in 1.4 milliseconds to 30 seconds! Black Holes rotate as fast or faster. All stars rotate on a central axis to some degree due to the angular momentum of gas approaching the center of the proto-star prior to the ignition of hydrogen fusion. In other words the gravitational collapse of gas in star formation is not uniform just as its opposite, an explosion such as the Big Bang is not uniform. When the radius of the star is reduced drastically in stellar collapse the angular momentum remains the same but the momentum of inertia is sharply reduced. The standard example is that of a figure skater spinning with outstretched arms who speeds up by pulling in his/her arms. Black Holes are formed from the collapse of the largest Blue Giant stars 5 to 20 or more solar masses. Neutron stars are formed from the explosion of stars with 1.35 to 2.1 solar masses in a Type II, Type Ib or Type Ic supernova explosion. The rapid rotation of Supermassive Black Holes is in fact the reason Spiral Galaxies exist in the flattened disk form they do with spiral arms?because of the huge gravitational force exerted by the rapid rotation of Supermassive Black Holes which form their galactic centers! As mentioned this fact is entirely covered up and denied by the phony NASA "scientists" on television, e.g., National Geographic TV. As the rotating Supermassive Black Hole in the galactic center gradually increases in size through accumulation/accretion of more stellar material and gas, the early elliptical galaxies, in the process of becoming a spiral galaxies, begin to flatten due to the rapid rotation of the Supermassive Black Hole in their center which causes the flattening. It should also be noted that as would be expected there exist a high number of stellar black holes in the galactic center drawn by their strong gravitational fields on their way to join the central Supermassive Black Hole. According to observations of the Chandra X-Ray Telescope released in a July 16, 2005 report there are 10,000 stellar black holes along with numerous neutron stars orbiting the Supermassive Black Hole in the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy, officially designated Sagittarius A (SGR A)! The Supermassive Black Hole at the center of the Milky Way has a mass of 3.7 million solar masses. The largest known Supermassive Black Hole in the OJ 287 Quasar contains 18 billion solar masses!

The spiral arms comprised of outlying stars are formed by the combination of the gravitational force coming from the rapidly rotating galactic center and the relative gravitational attraction of one outlying star to another based on their actual distances from one another. As the outlying stars approach neighboring stars due to gravity this leaves other areas where stars are much less concentrated giving rise to the appearance of usually 2 major spiral arms originating from each end of the central bar often found in the galactic center, as well as several minor spiral arms, all of which are actually in the process of being gradually drawn inexorably toward the galactic center. The gravitational force of the Black Hole, the mass of which is steadily increasing, gradually overcomes the outward centrifugal force caused by its rapid rotation. Central bars form after the Supermassive Black Hole in the center of a large spiral galaxy reaches a certain size and are therefore found more prevalently in more massive galaxies where the required mass is reached sooner. Central bars form when stellar orbits in a spiral galaxy become unstable and deviate from a circular path. The tiny elongations in the stars' orbits grow and become locked into place, forming a bar. The bar becomes even stronger as it locks more and more of these elongated orbits into place. Eventually a high fraction of the stars in the galaxy's inner region join the bar. The galactic center thus attracts both gas and stars. This concentration of gas at the center of spiral galaxies does result in the formation of new stars but does not represent the primary or original source of star formation, which occurs in the beginning of formation of galaxies from gravitational condensation and collapse of primordial gas clouds. The central bars draw a large amount of gas towards the galactic center, fueling this new star formation, building central bulges of stars, and feeding the Supermassive central Black Hole. The formation of a bar may be one of the last stages in the evolution of a spiral galaxy prior to its eventual total collapse entirely into its central Supermassive Black Hole.

Information Overload by NASA and U.S. Government Propagandists is used to Distract
Focus Away from the Significance and Central Role Black Holes Play in the Process
Of Contraction of the Universe which Finally Becomes Dominant in the Big Crunch!

In the interest of accuracy it is also important to mention that this information is being misused by NASA and other U.S. government propagandists to try to distract from and obscure the significance of black holes and the central role black holes play in the process of contraction of the Universe, which ultimately becomes dominant over the simultaneous process of expansion. First, it is a fact that matter generally enters a black hole through a combination of both gravitation and magnetism. Matter in the accretion disk, which spins around the black hole, can only enter the black hole after it loses its angular momentum. The inertia of the material in the accretion disk keeps it spiraling in a disk rather than falling straight into the black hole. The inertia in turn is due to the mass of the material in the disc and the gravitational field caused by the extremely rapid rotation of the black hole itself. An accretion disc is a rotating disk of gas, dust and other matter that may form around any of a variety of stars or other massive objects from protostars to white dwarfs to neutron stars to stellar black holes and Supermassive Black Holes and even quasars (see below). While the accretion disc of a young star or protostar usually contains dust which later consolidates or accretes to form planets and other objects, the accretion disk of a black hole, which may also contain stars, feeds matter directly into the black hole.

According to a report in the July 22, 2006 Nature, and another 2008 paper by F. Casse Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 124020 (9pp) confirming the 1973 theory of Starobinsky and Churilov, the spinning gas in an accretion disc generates its own magnetic field which powers a wind of charged particles directed away from the black hole. The wind of charged particles transfers angular momentum from the inner regions of the disk outward in a twin jet phenomenon perpendicular to the plane of the accretion disk allowing angular momentum to be conserved, meaning to remain balanced or constant. This transfer of angular momentum outward slows down the spinning gas near the center, allowing gravitation to draw matter into the black hole. The magnetic field also causes turbulence and friction to build up within the disk. The friction heats up the gas to millions of degrees, causing it to glow brilliantly in the ultraviolet and X-ray bands. In Supermassive Black Holes large jets of plasma flow away from the accretion disc perpendicular to its center at almost the speed of light. These jets of plasma travel outward along the magnetic field lines which are twisted by the rotating accretion disk. It should be noted that the material which flows outward in the jets represents only a tiny amount of material extracted from the accretion disk. (Plasma, which is found in the accretion disk closest to the black hole, is a partially ionized gas, where a certain proportion of electrons are free, not being bound to atoms or molecules, unlike the gas form of matter. This permits electrical conduction of magnetic fields. Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter in addition to solid, gas and liquid.

Redshift Measurement of Quasars puts
The Age of the Universe at 28 Billion Years!

The process where matter enters a black hole from its accretion disk may be greatly expanded during the formation of quasars where a Supermassive Black Hole at a galactic Center accretes a huge amount of matter in the order of billions of stars. When two black holes combine or a stellar black hole enters a Supermassive Black Hole in a galactic center the process causes the emission of radio waves and even visible light. When hundreds of millions to billions of stars and enormous amounts of gas first combine to create a Supermassive Black Hole in the center of a galaxy the energy released is exponentially increased and is known as a quasar. In a quasar this radiation is emitted across the entire spectrum almost equally, from X-rays to the far-infrared with a peak in the ultraviolet-optical bands, with some quasars also being strong sources of radio emission and of gamma-rays. Quasars are the most visibly luminous objects in the Universe and are also the strongest energy source in the Universe. A quasar is simply an accelerated process of formation of a Supermassive Black Hole in an early galaxy. The release of gravitational energy by matter falling towards a massive black hole in the formation of a quasar is the only process known that can produce such high power continuously, energy far greater than the fusion process which powers stars. Quasars easily outshine their host galaxies. (The light we see is from the huge superheated accretion disk, which is greatly enlarged due to the high density of matter in such galaxies. Stellar explosions such as Supernovas and gamma-ray bursts can create the same level of energy, but only for a few minutes. Gamma ray bursts are generated by hypernova, which are simply very large supernova, the collapse of a stars with masses 100 to 200 times that of the sun. Contrary to the lies designed to create confusion, which appear on the National Geographic so-called Discovery Channel "How the Universe Works" programs, not all early galaxies possessed enough mass to produce a quasar. There is no evidence for example, that the Milky Way Galaxy, as claimed by Micho Kaku & Co. was a quasar! The Supermassive Black Hole at its center is far too small! And the mass extinction on Earth 440-450 million years ago was undoubtedly NOT caused by a gamma ray burst from a hypernova, but from the continental drift of a large landmass (Gondwana) into the south polar region causing a global temperature drop, glaciation and lowering of sea level which destroyed 60% of habitats around the continental shelves at a time when all life was confined to the seas and oceans. Evidence documenting this was found in deposits in the Sahara Desert.

All observed quasar spectra have red shifts between 0.06 and 6.5. Applying Hubble's law to these red shifts, it can be shown that they are between 780 million and 28 billion light-years away, a measurement which is NOT due to gravitational lensing, although this has been reported for some extremely bright quasars. This is proof that the Universe itself is at least 28 billion years old! So the most recent "estimates" of the Hubble Constant and the actual age of the Universe by NASA, Wendy Freedman and company and the media (a privatized arm of the U.S. "intelligence community") are obviously TOTALLY FALSE! (See below.) The process of quasar formation occurred regularly in the early Universe in the formation of galaxies with huge densely concentrated gas and stars. It should be obvious that the first galaxies to form in the Universe generally contained the highest volume and concentration of gas, which in turn created the highest concentration and densities of stars. The Supermassive Black Holes at the center of those early galaxies became quasars. Galaxies without such high densities of matter develop more along the lines of our own Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda, for example. Formation of galaxies is still occurring but generally they do not become quasars because the volume and density of gas is insufficient. An exception is 3C 273 in the constellation Virgo which is only 33 light years away with a luminosity equal to 2 trillion times that of our sun or about 100 times the total light of the Milky Way. Their discovery by Maarten Schmidt in 1967 was early strong evidence against the totally discredited steady state theory of Fred Hoyle, and in favor of the Big Bang Theory. Blazers, incidentally are the same as quasars but have their perpendicular jets in direct alignment with our galaxy, while quasars have their jets pointed away in another direction.

As part of the escalating campaign of Big Lies, in March 2009 NASA made the totally disingenuous statement on a National Geographic Channel so-called "Naked Science" show that "while black holes are associated with galaxies we (who we?) do not yet know what that relationship is!" (!) And on May 17, 2010, Michelle Thaler of NASA disingenuously stated: "We do not know which comes first the galaxy or the Black Hole" (!) and further falsely stated that when 2 spiral galaxies collide the result is an elliptical galaxy "which does not spin!" This is another Big Lie and demonstrates a very systematized structure of lies. The truth is that the elliptical galaxy in this case is only a temporary structure. The Black Holes, which drove the 2 colliding spiral galaxies, combine and a larger spiral galaxy is formed. The motive for that feigned ignorance/Big Lie by the misnamed "intelligence community" is to try to obscure the documented reality that the matter of all galaxies is entering black holes as part of the ongoing contraction of the Universe, which begins shortly after the Big Bang and takes places simultaneously with the process of expansion and finally becomes dominant. As explained herein expansion of the Universe has slowed down enormously since the Big Bang and will be overtaken by the process of contraction until all mass in the Universe has again entered the final Black Hole, the so-called final Singularity in the Big Crunch. At that point there will be another Big Bang and another Universe will begin. In addition, NASA and other government propagandists have attempted to overemphasize the accretion disk/jet phenomenon and the huge energy produced as matter enters a black hole or quasar, almost to make it appear that black holes and quasars are "expelling" matter as much as drawing it in, virtually standing black holes on their head and falsely ascribing all sorts of false "observations" to black holes, in order to divert focus from the primary role of black holes as the mechanism or engine of contraction of the Universe and the beginning of the Big Crunch!

One example is the false claim by the fraudster, James Geach, hyped in the July 7, 2009 New York Times by the determined "intelligence community" propagandist Dennis Overbye, that black holes fueled so-called Lyman alpha "blobs," glowing clouds of gas in the early universe. But that lie was immediately refuted with the obvious explanation that cold gas streaming into a protogalaxy would heat up and glow from the gravitational energy alone! (See: "Lyman Alpha Blobs as an Observational Signature of Cold Accretion Streams into Galaxies" by Mark Dijkstra and Abraham Loeb, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, June 5, 2009.) These fraudulent NASA/U.S. government propagandists hope that most viewers know absolutely nothing and will believe virtually anything that they are told by someone claiming to be a "scientist" or "professor" and that most people will not do their own research, or will remain at least confused and vulnerable to their next bizarre fantastical claim. That is why the information which appears here should be forwarded by email and networked in every possible way nationally and internationally in order to counter the U.S. capitalist dictatorship's Big Lies. The objective of the capitalist dictatorship is to render the population more susceptible to their lies in every area including politics and economics, which also have little to no basis in reality. The capitalist dictatorship also resorts to the come on of "naked science" in order to try to sex-up their Big Lie propaganda in theoretical astrophysics, while simultaneously presenting some truthful "Naked Science" reports in other areas and in other National Geographic programs in order to help their Big Lies blend in.

In response to the heavy push on the so-called "History Channel," etc. it should be noted that the Theory of the Big Bang was first proposed by Georges-Henri Lema?tre, who had both a PhD in physics and was an ordained priest. Lema?tre studied at the University of Leuven, the University of Cambridge, Harvard and MIT. The little read report was first published in 1927 in the Annales de la Soci?t? Scientifique de Bruxelles (Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels) and later in Nature: G. Lema?tre, The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory, Nature" 127 (1931), n. 3210, pp. 706. Lema?tre called it "the hypothesis of Primeval Atom" and also referred to it as "the Cosmic Egg exploding at the moment of the creation," with the word "creation" obviously reflecting his religious bias. As explained above the Universe did not originate from a single point less than the size of a single molecule as falsely proposed by the string theorists, who now are pushing Lema?tre. As explained above the end point of all matter in the Big Crunch is a Single Black Hole, the so-called "Singularity." As mentioned all Black Holes have the same mass density, which is said to be infinite, and which vary only in actual mass depending on how many stars and how much nuclear material they contain. The only difference is the difference in mass, which is constantly increasing as matter changes from its energy form when entering a Black Hole according to m=E/c2, Einstein's formula from the Special Theory solved for mass. See cited article in Nature, November 21, 2008. The Singularity contains the combined mass of all nuclear material from all stars and gas in the Universe. The designation: "Big Bang Theory" first derived from a derogatory reference to the theory of an expanding Universe by Fred Hoyle on the BBC in March 1949 over 20 years after it was first proposed. The truth as explained above and herein is that the processes of expansion and contraction of the Universe coexist from shortly after the Big Bang until finally the process of contraction becomes dominant and there is a Big Crunch followed by another Big Bang and formation of another Universe.

It is a fact that Lema?tre applied Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to Cosmology, but was NOT a spearhead of religion supposedly leading physics as Lema?tre is presently falsely being portrayed on the so-called "History Channel." Lema?tre also preceded Edwin Hubble in deriving what became known as Hubble's Law and even calculated the Hubble Constant but was not able to prove the linear relation which Hubble did in 1929. Lema?tre has rarely been given the credit he is due for first proposing the Big Bang Theory for 3 reasons: 1.) The theory of an expanding Universe was opposed at the time he first proposed it by Einstein and others, 2.) For political-religious reasons explained herein the capitalist dictatorship has always opposed the Big Bang Theory because the natural logic of a Big Bang implies a Big Crunch and a cyclic nature of the Universe rather than a single creation which leaves the most room for "a creator" and 3.) U.S. nationalism/jingoism, where the U.S. capitalist dictatorship always prefers that whenever possible credit be given to an American. Edwin Hubble was an American lawyer. Although Lema?tre had received numerous Belgian and international scientific honors only recently have the capitalists been pushing Lema?tre in order to focus on the fact that he was a priest and that his theory speaks of a moment of "creation." The so-called "History Channel" focuses on this language in an attempt to inject the sophisticated form of neo-creationism/intelligent design also espoused by Francis Collins, Obama's new choice for head of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). See below. Both Michio Kaku and Stephen Hawking have also now identified themselves as neo-creationists/"intelligent design" advocates! See below.

The Hubble Constant is a calculation of the speed at which the Universe is expanding and is crucial in calculating the age of the Universe. Four methods have been used to estimate the Hubble Constant and age of the Universe. The most recent method employed by Allan R. Sandage, et al measures: 1.) the distances to Type 1a Supernovae explosions in distant galaxies and then 2.) confirms those measurements by comparing the relative luminosities of Cepheid variable stars as so-called "standard candles," while Wendy Freedman's NASA team uses Cepheid Variable stars alone, which is a lot less accurate. Freedman's method especially is an easy method in which to either err or to deliberately falsify results as she and her NASA team have clearly done. (See below.) The typical errors in calculating the Hubble Constant include: 1.) "the universal, yet unjustified Period-Luminosity relation of Cepheid (variable stars), 2.) neglect of selection bias in magnitude-limited samples or 3.) the errors which are inherent to the adopted models, which cause most values of the Hubble Constant and corresponding estimates of the age of the Universe to be incorrect as explained in detail in the most comprehensive review which has yet been published, which also includes the Sandage team's most recent calculation of the Hubble Constant to date of 62.3 +or?1.3, which is based on measurements to 279 galaxies: "The expansion field: the value of the Hubble Constant," by G.A Tammann, A. Sandage and B. Reindl, Astron Astrophys Rev (2008), 8 July 2008, 15:289-331, DOI 10.1007/s00159-800-9912-y. ((Allan Sandage died on November 13, 2010.)

This value of the Hubble Constant corresponds to an age of the Universe of approximately 13.7 billion years, which should be sufficient to permit the Big Crunch. However even this method of calculation of the Hubble Constant, which as exhaustively explained and documented by Allan Sandage et al, is fraught with potential errors cited above, which Sandage takes account of and systematically avoids. As mentioned above Wendy Freedman and Co. on the other hand use only Cepheid variable stars in their "calculations" and deliberately include faulty (fraudulent) data in their calculations as explained to this writer personally by Allan Sandage, therefore making Freedman & Co.'s method of determination of the Hubble Constant even easier to falsify. Such data is systematically excluded by Sandage, et al., as explained above. In response to the withering but suppressed critique by Sandage et al, known primarily only to other astrophysicists who follow these matters, Freedman has published a slew of pathetic papers addressing such topics as "correction of errors involving optical extragalactic background light (EBL), sampling-induced errors, magnitude errors, and random and optimal sampling," etc. where she always comes up with ridiculously high (fraudulent) values for the Hubble Constant. Fraudulent data was necessary for Freedman & Co. to reinvent the entirely fictitious so-called "dark energy," Einstein's "Cosmological Constant," ("My greatest blunder!" See below), which is declared to be "the opposite of gravity" and which has no scientific explanation whatsoever, but is falsely proffered as "the reason" the capitalist dictatorship and its media (and textbook) propagandists now falsely state that the expansion of the Universe has unexplainably "speeded up," a "finding" which violates all previous findings not to mention all known rules of physics including the General Theory of Relativity! In other words this finding is totally invented, totally fabricated, a Big Lie to end all Big Lies! All designed to achieve the political-religious-propagandistic objective of a single "genesis." See below. Legitimate opposing viewpoints are simply ignored and in practice not permitted to be heard! How jolly!

Regarding the most recent results given above for the Hubble Constant, this writer would still prefer to accept Sandage's previous calculation of 55 +or-5, which has been repeatedly established in papers from 1975, 1982, 1986, 1990 and 1995, although it may certainly be possible that the 62.3 +or-1.3 value is the most accurate and it is certainly can be argued that 55 +or-5 is not that far removed from the new figure. The reason for this caution is that Allan Sandage was 82 years old at publication and although he was 100% intellectually intact and in control of all of his faculties his name is listed second in the above paper indicating that he himself may not have collected the data used in the calculation giving 62.3 +or-1.3 for the Hubble Constant. This writer has not spoken or corresponded with the other members of his team, as this writer has, with Allan Sandage. Sandages's team also often includes A. Saha who was not included in the above paper, so this writer can not rule out alteration of the raw data to give a falsely high Hubble Constant by certain personnel who might be bribed by the NASA forces in charge of the Key Project, which was set up determined to achieve a certain result come hell or high water. This issue is important enough to the capitalist dictatorship so that they would leave no stone unturned to tweak the results in their direction for reasons explained further below. In addition, we are reminded that the Redshift of some quasars actually puts the age of the Universe at 28 billion years! See above. Because of this fact and previous calculations of the age of the oldest stars which are in a similar range, it can not be ruled out that the computer program used for collecting light data from stars from modern telescopes in the "Key Project" may have been written in such a way as to deliberately give false values in order to increase the Hubble Constant and thereby reduce the age of the Universe as calculated by the "standard candles" method.

The U.S. so-called "intelligence community" organized the so-called "Key Project" in order to cover up the cyclic nature of the Universe from Big Bang to Big Crunch. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was built primarily for the "Key Project." This is an important point. The capitalist dictatorship chose Wendy Freedman to lead the project rather than the obvious choice, Allan Sandage, the legendary, most preeminent and world-renowned astrophysicist as well as the number one authority on the Hubble Constant along with his internationally renowned group of astrophysicist colleagues. See above. The reason was that Sandage's studies up to that point had shown the Universe to be "between 14 and 18 billion years old, depending on what is assumed about the mass of the Universe." This corresponds to a Hubble Constant, which he and colleagues had repeatedly calculated to be 55 +or-5 as cited above. An older age and smaller Hubble Constant, of course, would mean that the Universe contained easily enough matter to permit the Big Crunch, which is the key point the capitalist propagandists want to discredit because that would rule out a single creation and make the existence of a god, for which there is no scientific evidence whatsoever, even more unlikely! This is the actual statecraft behind the "Key Project." (See further below.)

Freedman's initial claim that the Universe was only 8 billion years old was obviously fraudulent, as have been all of her subsequent "estimations." All of Freedman's estimations of the age of the Universe and the Hubble Constant have been designed to try to fraudulently invalidate (!) the Big Bang, the Big Crunch especially and the cyclic nature of the Universe in particular. The preposterous claim of an 8 billion year age is a direct attack on the Big Bang, which has been verified worldwide. In her initial unrestrained enthusiasm to falsify and misinterpret her own data (see above) Freedman forgot about the 1.) Red shift discovered by Edwin Hubble (see below) and 2.) the detection of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the residual effect of the Big Bang both of which exist as irrefutable evidence for the Big Bang origin of the Universe! In January 2003 Freedman was made the Director of the Carnegie Observatories located in Pasadena, California where Allan Sandage works thereby placing her above him as a maneuver to make her fraudulent estimates of the Hubble Constant appear more authoritative in the public eye!

Note that even AFTER the 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson and its confirmation by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite in 1989 that its measurement produced a curve precisely matching a Planck curve, which most scientists have accepted as proof that the radiation is indeed from the beginning of the universe, the capitalist dictatorship has still made efforts to continue to try to deny the existence of the Big Bang, even publishing books with 466 pages (!) attacking the Big Bang such as the 1991 rubbish: "The Big Bang Never Happened" (!) by the totally discredited Eric Lerner. Anyone using simple inductive reasoning would immediately begin to smell a rat! Since the capitalist dictatorship and its media have not been able to refute the Big Bang they have now focused all their efforts in trying to refute the Big Crunch. The capitalist dictatorship has a long history of political meddling and sabotage in virtually all fields of scientific and medical research and a history of using scientific advances against the masses in order to control them and also to reduce the population according to their own perceived needs, e.g. from Bio-warfare to Bio-fuels (through enforced starvation, falsely portrayed as seeking "energy independence" and "clean energy.").

NASA Propagandists Have Now Concocted the Fraudulent "theory of the
Big Rip" In Order to Try to Counter the Reality of the Big Crunch and
The Information which Appears Here now Found All Over the Internet!

NASA in a new propaganda blitz using their standard Big Lie technique in order to try to refute the information, which appears here and all over the Internet, has pushed back hard with the totally discredited claims on the National Geographic Channel beginning in March 2009 that 1.) "dark matter" forms a supposed "filamentous superstructure" of the universe from the very beginning of the Big Bang until the present 2.) the fictitious "dark energy" will supposedly eventually "become so strong" that it will overcome all 4 primary forces including the strong force, which holds quarks and gluons together to form protons, neutrons and other particles, so that that the entire Universe will then supposedly "fly apart ripping apart galaxies, stars, planets and eventually every speck of matter in a fantastical end to time" in what the fraudulent propagandist Robert Caldwell describes as "the Big Rip." This is also known as the theory of the flat universe. There is no "filamentous superstructure of the universe held together by dark matter." And phantasmagorical images of galactic superclusters do NOT prove the existence of a "filamentous superstructure" and are simply a photographic effect due to the enormous luminosity of such dense accumulations of stars. As mentioned above the great wall of galaxies is not due to a "dark matter superstructure" but is simply due to the irregularities in the Big Bang explosion, which was not uniform as in any explosion. Such brainwash already appears in the astrophysics textbooks of the capitalist dictatorship! We recommend that it be exposed as a Big Lie whenever and wherever it is encountered.

The capitalist cosmologists/propagandists have demonstrated that they can not coherently reply to any of the arguments advanced in this Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics except through contrived, feigned ignorance, information overload and MORE totally outrageous, bizarre Big Lies, which require a religious-like faith (in the case of dark energy and dark matter, for example ) to actually believe them?their overall objective in the first place as explained here. So do not be intimidated by the doctoral degrees which they award themselves or the exalted positions held by these above-mentioned frauds in order to try to legitimize their lies and to try to control and monopolize this field as they try to do with all others. These false propagandists/ "cosmologists" keep up a truly relentless barrage of lies in the major media and even physics journals and on TV with a never ending stream of phantasmagoric images blending and cascading one into another to try to help prove their scripted Big Lies, for example, the existence of "dark matter," which they laughably claim is so dominant that it forms the "superstructure of the universe" but which they supposedly have only been able to detect as "two tiny pulses of heat deposited over the course of two years..." New York Times, December 18, 2009, a frankly pathetic false "finding" which the article admits is "no proof" but "tantalizing" (?) an adjective carefully chosen to try to make it appear as if everyone were are all rooting to try to prove their Big Lie. The reality is that there is no "dark matter." Claims on the National Geographic Discovery Channel and elsewhere in April-May 2010 that "gravitational lensing and cosmological expansion rates" have "confirmed" its existence are totally fabricated! Gravity, not dark matter, is responsible for ALL gravitational lensing and that is where it gets its name. And there is NO "large halo of unseen matter (an oxymoron!) extending beyond the visible stars." But according to Michio Kaku & Co., "Dark matter is in a struggle with dark energy and dark energy wins in the end in the Big Rip!" Not a WORD about gravity! And according to Michio Kaku and the NASA propagandists, eventually stars will all simply "blink out and the universe will be dark?again!? The age of stars will be over!" Kaku just makes it up in a jumble as he goes along. Anything for his cause! But what is his cause? See below.

It can also be predicted that the capitalist dictatorship will take over the science, if they have not already done so, of the new Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest energy particle accelerator in Geneva, Switzerland, when it finally goes on line in order to try to continue to concoct the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" as well as the "Higgs Boson," the so-called "god particle," which is reputed to be "the particle which may impart mass to all other particles after the Big Bang." The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model in particle physics. At present there are NO known elementary scalar particles in nature. There are numerous Higgsless models, which do not depend on the Higgs Boson or Higgs Field. The top contender presently is the Three-Site Higgsless model. Whether or not the Higgs Boson exists or does not exist, its importance has been completely overstated in any case, in order that in the event of its discovery the media may falsely claim to have "proved" the existence of "god!" In any case, the Higgs Boson has absolutely nothing to do with "god" and no reputable physicist has ever made such a claim. The capitalist dictatorship is desperate and reeeediculous! So do not be intimidated by their Big Lies.

Through brazen false arguments and bizarre false analogies these phony "cosmologists" who control the airways and media, have even attempted to up the ante and generate maximum confusion by trying to brainwash people into believing that the laws of physics and theoretical astrophysics, such as the Laws of Quantum Mechanics, the Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity, etc. are "not immutable" and are in a process of "constant evolution" supposedly like species of animals in Charles Darwin's "The Evolution of Species." The laws of physical science are thus directly compared to the evolution of species of animals! Einstein therefore supposedly only has "temporary relevance" giving virtually every kind of science fiction a basis in "reality." (See: "Beyond Einstein," Discover Magazine, April 2010). Einstein is also falsely quoted as believing in god: "learning to read the laws of physics is like reading the mind of god." See comprehensive section on Einstein below.

The author of the Discover Magazine article moreover disingenuously announces: "physicists should not spin any theories that require the existence of things such as multiverses, that cannot be disproved." This carefully contrived statement implies that because "multiverses," etc. supposedly cannot be disproved these fraudsters do not have to actually PROVE any piece of science fiction currently being passed off as "science." They imply that is the duty of genuine theoretical physicists to disprove every false theory used to bombard the public domain by the misnamed, so-called "intelligence community" led by heavily hyped characters such as Michio Kaku or Stephen Hawking. The Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics disproves their primary concoctions and it is a rule of the Court that a witness caught in one lie in testimony does not merit any further credibility by the Jury. This is especially true in science where it is clear that, above all else, Kaku, & Co., are straining at the leash to inject confusion into basic physics and are forced to tell many lies in order to try to achieve their objectives. Their motives to create confusion are explained above. The title of the Discover Magazine article was incidentally borrowed from the very title of a 1987 book by "intelligence community" fraudster, Michio Kaku, wherein Kaku tried to popularize so-called "String Theory," concocted in the effort to try to supplant Quantum Mechanics. See below. It should be noted that Kaku, who hides his specious, bogus so-called "Beyond Einstein science," behind a phony slick and unctuously triumphal presentation, is equally at home passing off science fiction e.g. "parallel universes, time warps, time travel and the tenth dimension" as science as he is relentlessly fabricating false theories designed to compete with and supplant the natural laws of physics and to confuse as many people as possible behind a mantle of genuinely false knowledge. Based on only ONE non-cyclic Big Bang, Michio Kaku's "String Theory" is thus a back door to Creationism! Michio Kaku now openly describes himself as a neo-creationist! See below.

There is no such thing as "Dark Energy". And there was no "inflationary epoch" in the Big Bang, which supposedly "caused the Universe to expand faster than the speed of light." It did not! The so-called "Theory of Inflation" which attempts to supplant entirely the standard model of the Big Bang with "dark energy" AKA "vacuum energy" is also a total fraud! (See below) Nor has the Universe suddenly increased its rate of expansion as falsely claimed by these frauds as supposed "proof of its existence." Just the opposite! The rate of expansion of the Universe has continued to slow since the Big Bang! All previous observations have indicated that is the case! While the Red Shifts of the most distant galaxies do indicate they are receding much more rapidly than closer galaxies this is because their light originated closer to the time of the Big Bang when the expansion rate was greater, but that is not the situation today. It should therefore be noted that although we may be able to receive light from galaxies which started its journey near the beginning of star formation and galactic formation, that light does not portray the reality at this point in time of the galaxy which was the source of that light. The reality is that today most of the Universe is undoubtedly relatively uniform in its development today except where, for example, there are huge clouds of gas from super novae explosions or where there are huge accumulations of matter such as the Great Wall of galaxies, the latter of which formed due to the irregularities which occurred in the Big Bang just as in any other explosion. In other words the light from our own galaxy, the Milky Way, would appear to an observer from the most distant galaxies to be receding at the same rate that their light is receding from our own galaxy! This should be a no-brainer but is rarely if ever mentioned. The only viewpoint which is ever mentioned is from the Earth as if it were the center of creation. Which it is not!

[William H. Depperman]

Part 2 of 3:
The Universe is not open! Just like the Earth itself the spatial curvature of the Universe is NOT FLAT! It is CLOSED! In reality there are no "multiple universes," which "pop out of Black Holes" or by any other explanation. A Universe arises ONLY from a Big Bang! Although mass is infinite in a Black Hole (see above), Critical Mass does not exist! Critical Mass is attained only in the Final Singularity, when all matter in the Universe comes together in one spot in the Big Crunch prior to the Big Bang. The point when Critical Mass is reached is the point when a Big Bang occurs! See above. This is why the Large Hadron Collider cannot reproduce either the Big Bang or even a Black Hole. The reason for this is that even a Black Hole can form only when a Blue Giant star of sufficient mass collapses. This can not occur in the Large Hadron Collidor no matter how high the energies attained or how "large" the collidor itself may be claimed to be!!

Stephen Hawking's claimed existence of "exploding miniature Black Holes," which "permit particles to leak out in a quantum process" (!), eventually causing Black Holes to "EVAPORATE" (!), due to the pretentiously designated, so-called: "Hawking Evaporation," or to "finally explode entirely" is based on fraudulent "String Theory" related mathematics and is baseless nonsense. Note that so-called "Hawking radiation" has NEVER BEEN OBSERVED and is ENTIRELY FICTITIOUS! Hawking's wild claims were based on the fact that on a visit to the USSR in 1974 the Soviet physicist Alexander Starobinsky told Hawking that according to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, rotating black holes should create and emit particles. (!) Oh? But the truth is that in a Black Hole or "Singularity" the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and ALL LAWS OF PHYSICS DO NOT APPLY and DO NOT EVEN EXIST! Starobinsky WOULD have known that fundamental fact and it cannot be ruled out that in the middle of the Cold War he may have recognized that Hawking was such a nut-job ego tripper that he would fall for virtually anything in order to make a big splash for himself in physics. And the question immediately arises, if Starobinsky really thought he had made such a profound discovery why didn't he come out with it himself? In any case there is no radiation whatsoever of any type emitted from any Black Hole itself! Nevertheless, such absurd and ridiculous claims are given credence in the media and given a heavy push on the phony "science" magazines and TV shows mentioned above and on websites which permit NO COMMENT!

It was also announced on the highly discredited "Naked Science" National Geographic (Discovery) Channel with NO PROOF WHATSOEVER and with no legitimate counter-arguments ever permitted, the totally bizarre claim that Michio Kaku's "String Theory" is "the best explanation of the origin of the Universe," which it most certainly is NOT! On that program Hawking and "String Theorists" absurdly stated: "the Big Bang occurred when gravity weakened" (!) because "after the Big Bang gravity (supposedly) entered the 7 to 9 extra dimensions (in "String Theory") and was weakened." Duh! Such rubbish! (!) Finally, after presenting one concoction after another for almost an hour falsely dressed up as "science," the April 20, 2010 "Naked Science" program (which is to be repeated!), apparently in a pathetic attempt to try to save face and keep some semblance of credibility among the growing majority of those who see through their lies, concluded with the unexpected disclaimer: "There is only one catch! There is no proof for any of this!" Right! But since then there have been no more disclaimers of these relentlessly pushed Big Lies! Parenthesis added.

There is also no "time travel" in a practical sense either despite the phenomena of time dilation described in Einstein's Special Theory and gravitational time dilation described in Einstein's General Theory, which was actually confirmed in the Pound-Rebka experiment. And there are no "wormholes." These fraudsters intone Einstein's name by falsely claiming that there are "two valid solutions" to the General Theory of Relativity which contain "wormholes." This is a Big Lie! Neither "solution" cited is actually valid! The first type falsely postulated, the "Schwarzchild wormhole," which they also falsely designate with the label "Einstein-Rosen bridges" (!?), depends on a Black Hole, "which has no charge and no angular momentum!" But ALL Black Holes rotate and thus have angular momentum! (See above.) The second type, the so-called "traversable wormholes," would require the existence of "exotic (non-baryonic) matter," which does NOT exist and which itself would violate energy conditions specified in the General Theory and would require changing space-time topology and would require regions of negative energy, which also do not actually exist in the known Universe. At best this is all mathematical imaginings of those who want to be "the next Einstein." Einstein himself realized that his later mathematical attempts to formulate a Grand Unified Theory were simply incorrect and were not leading in the right direction. In addition, there are no "strings." "String Theory" is a mathematical attempt to try to refute, compete with and supplant, NOT EXPLAIN, the Theory of Quantum Mechanics, the foundations of particle physics which were established during the first half of the twentieth century by Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Albert Einstein, etc.! See below for the most likely ready solution to the Grand Unified Theory.

On July 22, 2010 on the so-called "History Channel" Michio Kaku brazenly also falsified the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle! That principle states simply that pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot simultaneously be known to arbitrary precision. The more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be measured. In other words, the more you know the position of a particle, the less you can know about its velocity, and the more you know about the velocity of a particle, the less you can know about its instantaneous position. In his false presentation of "parallel universes,' which also involved countless other falsifications of basic physics, Kaku stated that Heisenberg stated that one particle can be in two positions simultaneously! Heisenberg never ever even suggested that!

Recent Findings Document that the Mass of the Universe
Increases as Matter Enters a Black Hole and the Final Singularity!
This Finding Totally Refutes Infinite Expansion of the Universe
And "String Theory!" The Fact That Neutrinos Have Mass Also
Provides Further Basis For the Big Crunch!"

The false claim that there is supposedly insufficient matter in the Universe to permit the Big Crunch to take place is entirely refuted by 2 discoveries. Perhaps even more significant than the work on neutrinos discussed below is the paper published on November 21, 2008 in Science. More than 99% of the visible mass of the Universe is made up of protons and neutrons. Recent calculations of the mass of the nucleus found that matter, which is composed of protons and neutrons, which are in turn are composed of quarks held together with gluons by the strong force, normally exists as 95% energy, according to the formula from Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: E=mc2! This provides further confirmation for the Big Crunch! Why? The reason, not drawn as a conclusion by the authors of the paper, is that in a Black Hole and moreover in the final Black Hole, the "Singularity," that relationship would be 100% reversed, with all matter existing in the form of mass: m=E/c2. The mass of the Universe would therefore increase according to these findings as matter enters a Black Hole as energy shifts to its mass equivalent! (Science, November 21, 2008, Vol. 322, 5905:1198-1199 and 1124-1127. Obviously this is the precise opposite of what occurs in a nuclear explosion where matter is converted entirely to energy according to the equation E=mc2. On the other hand such tidbit reports as "Excess Particles From Space may Hint at Dark Matter," (Science, Vol. 322, 5905:1173) are only red herrings meant to titillate, to keep attention diverted away from focusing on key findings of genuine significance. There is no such thing as "dark matter." In another important point, the Second Law of Thermodynamics does NOT prevent the Big Crunch because 1.) the energy of the Universe is entirely converted to mass in Black Holes and the Final Singularity in accordance with Einstein's equation solved for mass: m=E/c2 and 2.) ALL laws of physics break down and do not apply in a Black Hole! There is no exception for the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The discovery that neutrinos have mass also provides a further basis for the Big Crunch. This fact was first reported on July 1, 1998 by a collaboration of 120 U.S. and Japanese physicists at the Neutrino 98 meeting in Takayama, Japan and submitted to Physical Review Letters. (By Super-Kamiokande Collaboration (Y. Fukuda et al.) Phys.Rev.Lett.81:1562-1567,1998.) Neutrinos have sufficient weight to allow the Big Crunch! The experiment measured the differences in mass of the three types of neutrinos to be 0.1 eV or greater. The group reported that the simplest interpretation of the solar and atmospheric results is that the heaviest neutrino has a mass of 0.1 eV. However, they reported that since oscillations between the 3 types of neutrinos depend only on the differences in mass it is possible that the masses of all three neutrinos are fully 1 eV or greater, but that it is the mass differences which are much smaller. (They allow for the "possibility." How nice! They know that the majority of physicists do not simply automatically accept the interpretation which is first proffered.)

This makes the most sense and is of course suppressed for political reasons. (See below.) If the mass of the neutrino is 1 eV that would mean that neutrinos account for more mass in the Universe than all of the protons and neutrons put together easily supplying the supposed "missing matter" necessary for the Big Crunch. As mentioned the critical mass density required for the Big Crunch to occur is 1 x 10 to the negative 29th of a gram per cubic centimeter (approximately 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter), according to the calculation from the General Theory of Relativity. In addition, the fact that neutrinos have mass also provides the basis for the Grand Unified Theory which links the gravitational force described in the General Theory of Relativity with the strong and the weak forces and electromagnetism described in the Theory of Quantum Mechanics. Einstein struggled and failed to formulate this theory, but it has already been shown that at high enough energies electromagnetism and the weak force are the same force known as the electroweak force. It is theorized that if energies are increased even further and neutrinos acquire mass, which has now been fully documented, all the known forces will reduce to the same force thus providing the basis for the Grand Unified Theory. This high energy level existed only during the very early expansion of the Universe known as the Planck Epoch, which existed up to 10 to the negative 43rd seconds after the Big Bang, where the four fundamental forces ? electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force and gravitation ? all had the same strength. After that point the energy level decreased and gravity separated from the other 3 fundamental forces and with the condensation of matter into the elementary particles (quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons) formed the so-called Standard Model of today's Universe. These facts, while available, are de-emphasized by the capitalist dictatorship propaganda machine with the false claim that "no one?not even Einstein?has been able formulate the Grand Unified Theory," in order to try to open the door to fraudulent "string theory." The 1998 report that neutrinos have mass was blipped in the media and then neutrino research was de-funded worldwide and thereafter suppressed for a period of time. Wonder why?? It is time to employ some inductive reasoning, which is in fact scientific reasoning. (Note: in order to understand the relationship of the 4 primary forces which exist in the universe: the typical field strength of the strong nuclear force is 100 times the strength of the electromagnetic force, approximately 10 x13 times as great as that of the weak nuclear force, and about 10 x38 times that of gravitation.)

The Big Crunch will arrive on schedule and another Universe will begin! Einstein once said that a theory of the Universe should be both simple and elegant. Hawking sounds like a total jerk when he states that the Big Crunch is "too neat" and he prefers the "Big Rip." Whaaa? See below. Einstein would definitely be rolling over in his grave if he were made aware of today's totally contrived "science" especially the attempt by these fakers to re-introduce his fudge factor, the so-called "cosmological constant," which Einstein invented/fabricated to allow for a static solution to his equations and a static Universe, which he was later forced to admit was false after the discovery of the Redshift by Edwin Hubble, which occurs when light or any type of electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies shifts toward longer wavelengths, the less energetic part of the spectrum, due to the Doppler effect. The Red Shift indicates that those distant galaxies are moving away from our galaxy, the Milky Way (and vice versa) and that the Universe was expanding more rapidly at that time than presently when some galaxies are now actually moving toward us. The Universe is also simultaneously contracting on another level as explained above. The Redshift in light from receding galaxies is proportional to their distance from Earth. That is Hubble's Law.

The false assumption of a static Universe had prevented Einstein from predicting that the Universe was expanding. Einstein admitted that the "cosmological constant" was his "biggest blunder." In December 1930 Einstein went to Cal Tech on a visiting professorship where he worked with Edwin Hubble and reportedly also apologized for his error. In 1998 the U.S. so-called "intelligence community," directed their fleet of fake "cosmologists" and some opportunist and duped astrophysicists to try to pass off Einstein's fraudulent cosmological constant as the entirely fictitious and admittedly totally unexplained so-called "dark energy," (!) AKA "quintessence, " which is supposedly responsible for a claimed "speeding up of the rate of expansion of the Universe," which is NOT in fact actually occurring, and is now even proffered as a supposed reason for the Bermuda Triangle! This rubbish, as mentioned, has even been forced into advanced textbooks in astrophysics as supposed good coin. The reason for these wholesale falsifications of astrophysics is due to the capitalists' desperation to establish a false basis to claim that the Universe supposedly had a single creation and that it will expand infinitely rather than collapse once again in the Big Crunch completing another cycle in an infinite number. The U.S. governments' fictitious position is deliberately designed to try to allow for the existence of a "god" as "the creator."

The reason that the capitalists have formed an alliance with religion is that the capitalists depend on religion, belief in god and the supernatural as important weapons of deception directed against the masses! This also helps explain the appearance of fraudulent so-called "string theory" which falsely postulates multiple Universes, eleven dimensions, rather than the 4 dimensions which actually do measurably exist. Stephen Hawking, the ego-tripping, media-hyped "cosmologist" is once again postulating supposed "wormholes from one Universe to another" as well as supposed "wormholes" from one end of our Universe to the other to permit time travel "faster than the speed of light" (both of which are completely refuted by the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle not to mention Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity!). While Hawking temporarily retreated on the issue of time travel on being so reminded before recently re-embracing what he fully knows to be total nonsense, Heisenberg and other obstacles and impossible paradoxes preventing time travel are also brazenly ignored by others who are professional police-agent propagandists fully committed to such Big Lies of confusion such as the New York Times' despicable Dennis Overbye and Nicholas Wade (Oy!), Brian Greene and the WBAI/CUNY huckster and self-described neo-creationist Michio Kaku, who claims to be an expert on everything, allowing him to cover up inter alia the documented fact that AIDS is Biowarfare by the U.S. Government Against Blacks and Gays primarily. Assuming the mantle of false authority, Kaku also tries to confuse his trusting, credulous, duped and even fawning listeners (including CCNY students!) on innumerable other issues. Kaku appears regularly on the BBC, Network TV "News" and elsewhere to push the new "scientific" fiction while steering false propaganda on astronomical events or physics research, the latter of which is largely controlled by the falsely labeled U.S. "intelligence community." Note: so-called "Kerr spacetime" is just another string theory mathematical concoction.

Note that on June 10, 2010 on ABC World News with Diane Sawyer Stephen Hawking also openly defined himself as a new style neo-creationist similar to Obama's new head of NIH Francis Collins, and Michio Kaku (see below), providing false, specious Templeton foundation (see below) reasoning in order to make it appear possible to reconcile "god" and science, when he stated: "What could define God is thinking of God as the embodiment of the laws of nature." (Demonstrating the reach and determination of the misnamed "intelligence community," to brainwash the masses, Hawking's false message has even been plastered in NYC Subway cars in the form of "a personal choice!") Although Hawking tried to cover himself: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works," all of Hawking's fraudulent "science" and adherence to "String Theory" lead right back to the existence of "god" as explained herein. But there is NO proof of the existence of "god" and WHO MADE "GOD?" Man!

In Yet Another Attempt to Try to Generate Confusion and Discredit
The Theory of the Big Bang/Big Crunch Infinite Cycle of the Universe
The Capitalist Dictatorship has Invented a Patently and Preposterously
Fraudulent Counter "Theory" designated "Conformal Cyclic Cosmology!?"

This Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics, which among other things, comprehensively explains and documents the Big Bang/Big Crunch Infinite Cycle of the Universe was first published in 2008 and is updated on occasion in response to the unrelenting Big Lies used to cover up and distort astrophysical reality. That same year and indubitably in response to this very document which exposes the so-called "inflationary model of the Universe" as a deliberately contrived fraud, the capitalist dictatorship's misnamed so-called "intelligence community" apparently decided to add another layer of lies in their attempt to trivialize and discredit the Theory of the Big Crunch/Big Bang Cycle of the Universe, while simultaneously tweaking its own "standard inflationary model of the Universe," which it has meanly foisted on the scientific community and an unsuspecting world. The author of this new phony "theory" pretentiously designated as so-called "Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC!)," Robert Penrose, a knighted confidante of the British capitalist class and crony of the totally discredited hoodwinker Steven Hawking (see above), has concocted a laughably-fraudulent paper and a concurrently published criminally dishonest book. The paper appeared in December 2010 with the heralded finding of "families of concentric circles" with "anomalously low temperature variance," within the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), which Penrose claims represent "Black Hole ENCOUNTERS (!), within bound galactic clusters in the previous AEON." (Emphasis added.) Give us a break!

Already three groups of investigators have found that "the detection of the concentric anomalies was NOT statistically significant, in the sense that such circles would appear in a proper Gaussian simulation of the anisotropy of the CMB data." Penrose and his collaborator V.G. Gurzadyan confronted with this reality were forced to admit that while the presence of individual circles in the CMB data was not statistically significant, they claimed to have found families of concentric circles, the presence of which cannot be found in the Gaussian simulation of the data. (!) Total Nonsense! See: Wekus IK; Eriksen HK (2010-12-07), arXiv:1012.1268v1, Moss A; Scott D; Zibin JP (2010), arXiv:1012.1305, Hajian A (2010-12-8), arXiv:1012.1656 and GurzadyanVG; Penrose R (2010-12-07), arXiv:1012.1486. (The Penrose book: "Cycles of Time," Bodley Head Publishers 2010.) So just what is the primary objective, the actual motive for this false propaganda assault? The objective is to try to generate confusion and cause the much more widely known and understood Theory of the Big Crunch/Big Bang Cycle of the Universe to be supplanted in questioning minds, to the degree that that is possible, by the Penrose mathematical concoction: "Conformal Cyclic Cosmology," and to make the acceptance of the cyclic nature of the Universe, which it contains and which is the target, dependent on the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the veracity of his claim of finding "families of concentric circles" in the CMBR. (!) When that deliberately false and preposterous claim is proved false on a less than fundamental and comprehensive basis, or is "disputed" on technical points (see above), then Penrose's entire theory and its central thesis?that the Universe has a cyclic nature?and also the Big Bang/Big Crunch theory, its central target?is supposed to collapse like a straw man, in yet another example of this disinformation technique. (!) The "theory of conformal cyclic cosmology" described in the Penrose book is based largely on the Second Law of Thermodynamics (increasing entropy), which he deliberately fails to mention breaks down completely, just like all other physical laws, in Black Holes and the Final Singularity where all entropy is reversed. Penrose's genuinely bizarre theory holds that prior to the Big Bang, Black Holes do not collide and combine all of the matter in the Universe, they merely "encounter" one another right along with their "bound galactic clusters" and "eventually evaporate." (!) Penrose provides no evidence for this baseless claim. The truth is that by the time of the Big Crunch, A TERM WHICH IS DUTIFULLY NEVER MENTIONED, Supermassive Black Holes now at the center of elliptical galaxies would have accumulated ALL matter of their respective galaxies, a process which is currently ongoing! Galaxies themselves would have ceased to exist as such and would be replaced by super large Supermassive Black Holes. These would come together through the force of gravity, based on their proximity, finally in one spot (NOT a single point!) in the Big Crunch, which would result in another Big Bang at the point when critical mass is reached. See above. Nothing except matter itself from the previous Universe survives the Big Crunch/Big Bang cycle! Thus there could be no evidence of "Black Hole encounters from a previous (Universe)" in any way shape or form. But for Penrose the boundary between one Universe and another is "just a spacelike surface that can be passed across like any other."

Despite Stephen Hawking's False Claims
Time Travel is NOT Possible!

Normally the topic of time travel would not be covered to this extent, but this issue must be considered at greater length because Stephen Hawking is a high profile celebrity balloon being foisted on an unsuspecting public and provided a TV and media stage to promote his total nonsense by the U.S. "intelligence community." The media is using genuinely hypnotic, phantasmagorical, digitally enhanced false presentations by Hawking and others on the National Geographic TV Channel and other channels in order to distract from the central facts of theoretical astrophysics as presented herein and in order to try to keep the masses confused from every conceivable angle. Because of what amounts to a provocation, namely the recent onslaught of Big Lie "science" bombarding the TV airways, it behooves this writer to further refute the lies being hawked by Stephen Hawking and his NASA cronies. Hawking falsely claims: "there are wormholes everywhere in the 3 dimensional world and they exist also in the fourth dimension, where they exist at one billion trillionth trillionth of a centimeter! Trust me!" Right! Hawking tells us that "wormholes form in the so-called 'quantum foam,'" where supposedly he can avoid violating Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and other laws and paradoxes which do not permit backwards time travel. See above. But Hawking cannot avoid the uncertainty principle and the paradoxes which prevent backwards "time travel" either by "wormholes" or by any other means! And he knows it! "Quantum foam" is supposedly a description of subatomic spacetime turbulence at extremely small distances of the order of the Planck length. At such small scales of time and space the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle supposedly allows particles and energy to briefly come into existence, and then annihilate, without violating the law of conservation of mass and energy! But then Hawking bizarrely claims: "scientists will eventually capture and ENLARGE a worm hole a trillion times to be large enough for a space ship?to travel at 99% the speed of light?after 6 years in flight," supposedly to get up speed. (See below.) A totally bizarre and ridiculous assertion in itself!

At the enlarged size we must assume then that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and all Laws of Physics and the paradoxes WILL once again apply and prevent backwards time travel. Presto, no backward time travel for Stephen Hawking! Hawking is finally forced to concede that going backwards in time is not possible because cause and effect would be reversed, which is not possible. In addition to this most obvious paradox of causality, two other irresolvable problems in backward time travel exist: 1.) Traveling backwards in time would also violate the law that the mass-energy of the Universe must remain constant, within the limits of the uncertainty principle. For example, a person traveling backwards in time would increase the mass of the universe at that point, which is not possible. 2.) Traveling backward in time would also cause a decrease in the Universe's entropy, which always increases at a nonnegative rate. Forward time travel on the other hand generates no other paradoxes and is described by Special and General Relativity but is not practical in reality.

Forward time travel in a practical sense is also not really possible. Hawking, however, insists it is supposedly possible if in order to reach a speed close enough to the speed of light in order to achieve the objective, a rocket ship course is set for just a little off center of the Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way Galaxy (!?), or a course is set to travel around the Earth for 6 years finishing at 99% the speed of light (somehow), which would supposedly allow travel 100 years into the future. As noted previously, mass becomes infinite at the speed of light and even well before the half-way point is reached the increased MASS of Hawking's spaceship would indubitably prevent its further acceleration even if primitive rocketry were replaced by a UFO-type engine. Hawking describes his "spaceship" as "HUGE, because of all the FUEL it would have to carry," (Think oil companies drilling into the future!) and is actually pictured as the typical cumbersome, multiple-defense-contract, primitive rocket powered NASA-inspired aerodynamically-ridiculous, Star Trek-type science fiction movie vehicle! Never even a mention of a nuclear powered flying saucer with the electromagnetic anti-gravity engine, which would be required for any interstellar voyages! All things considered it is time to wise up! Stephen Hawking is NOT a genius in any sense of the word. His false propaganda musings also demonstrate that his general knowledge and even his scientific knowledge outside of mathematics is actually very, very limited! We are left to fawn over such nonsense.

A Further Note on Michio Kaku:

It is a rule of statecraft that a government control and operate its own "opposition." In the United States, the center of world capitalism-imperialism, the capitalist dictatorship controls the leadership of all supposed "left," "socialist" or "Communist" political groups and parties. In addition, the capitalists also control the leaderships of all conspiracy groups and single-issue groups where the solutions are always based on the number one Big Lie of capitalism, i.e. that capitalism can be reformed, which it cannot. Single-issue groups represent divide (and conquer) of various political issues/problems most of which are created or perpetuated by capitalism, none of which are properly connected and linked to the need for a Socialist Revolution in the United States. Kaku began his political career by being placed at the front of the single-issue Anti-Nuclear Movement. Kaku began his work in the "intelligence community" in the early 1960's just out of high school as a mathematical whiz kid, by becoming a prot?g? of Edward Teller, the "father of the Hydrogen Bomb" and the Neutron Bomb, the latter which is designed to kill people primarily while leaving property (private property!) intact, the ultimate capitalist weapon.

A person or group is defined politically by what the person or group says and what it does not say and by what the person or group does and does not do. Unlike Stephen Hawking, Kaku's words and actions, in addition to his history, clearly identify him as a political police agent provocateur. (See below.) Kaku worked with Teller at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, which is directly connected to both the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Kaku undoubtedly had top-secret clearance from Edward Teller and moved freely between all three and has stated that at the time he was involved with developing the next stage of nuclear weapons research with Teller. Kaku claims that in the early 1980's he gave up a career in nuclear weapons design and was "attracted to the peace movement and anti-nuclear movement" supposedly "because of Pacifica radio programs" he heard in the 1960's. Oy! Right! I don't believe you!

The truth is that the U.S. "intelligence community" needed a young loyal, glib, supposedly "anti-nuclear" authority figure as a counter-insurgent (political police agent) to help keep the Anti-Nuclear Movement anti-Communist and help lead it to defeat and recruited Kaku, undoubtedly with Teller's recommendation, immediately putting him in front of the demonstrations at Columbia University against the Triga Reactor on campus in the wake of the Three-Mile Island meltdown, his debut attended by this writer at that first demonstration. (When the U.S. Department of Energy converted the fuel in Triga reactors from uranium zirconium hydride to low-enriched uranium a meltdown became possible at the university setting, which had been virtually impossible previously.) Note also that there is an apparent difference between Michio Kaku and Stephen Hawking: Though their positions more or less coincide, Hawking is apparently motivated by personal aggrandizement and his desire to be awarded a Nobel Prize (for what Stephen?for COOPERATING?), while the media, an arm of the "intelligence community" provides maximum exposure to all of his fantastical, reactionary and genuinely unscientific theories/imaginings, in multiple full-hour TV shows on the "Discovery Channel," for example. Michio Kaku also heads up the same full-hour TV shows but his reactionary political role on the other hand more easily identifies him as a highly motivated political police agent, whose background and objectives are explained above. They both play a negative role.

Almost immediately Kaku sold out his supposed anti-nuclear "credentials" by writing a 1982 book with the title "Nuclear Power: Both Sides," (!) which presented arguments against nuclear power followed by false "arguments" for nuclear power in order to keep the option of nuclear power viable! The book does NOT emphasize the BOTTOM LINE OF NUCLEAR POWER UP FRONT,: namely that nuclear power produces permanently non-disposable nuclear waste which will eventually get back into the environment through ground water, etc! Nuclear waste can NEVER EVER be disposed of! Period! Thus, there can be NO VIABLE HONEST PRO-NUCLEAR POSITION! This is what Kaku soft peddles! On February 4, 2010 Obama, by Bush-style executive decree, ordered that a new nuclear reactors should be built using $54 billion of stimulus money under the Big Lie false claim that nuclear power, which produces the dirtiest, most dangerous and totally non-disposable nuclear waste, was now supposedly "clean energy." (!) While the U.S. government-led "Anti-Nuclear Movement" remained silent! By executive decree Obama also ordered stimulus money to fund (non-existent) "clean coal" and drilling for oil off the U.S. coastline which has destroyed all marine life and completely polluted the nations beaches as the capitalist dictatorship has already done in the Gulf of Mexico! Demonstrating that the capitalist dictatorship has NO intention whatsoever of trying to reverse Global Warming its response has been to continue and intensify the drilling and mining for all fossil fuels, which is the reason Global Warming has occurred in the first place!

It should also be noted that Kaku was trained in the infantry and was all set to be deployed to Viet Nam just "when the war ended" in 1975, while his fellow inductees were sitting down on the wharfs in San Francisco and refusing to even get into the troop ships while a MUTINY broke out in Vietnam, which forced the total evacuation of all U.S. forces within days and hours, while our little patriot Kaku was all raring and ready to go and fight those dastardly Communists in Viet Nam. Anti-Communism remains Kaku's primary political motivation. Kaku hides the fact that a million-strong Communist movement in the United States was the only thing which forced FDR to formulate the New Deal Social Programs, which the capitalist dictatorship under Obama is now trying to abolish in practice. In order to begin to abolish the function of Social Security, i.e. to keep older people alive, one of the first things Obama did was to terminate permanently for all practical purposes the Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) for Social Security on April 22, 2009, while previously forcing banks to accept $4.7 Trillion (!) for "bank bailouts" in order to divert that money from social programs, which is the same objective of Reagan/Bush /Obama Supply Side Trickle Down, Tax-Cut Economics. Pretending to "spar with the Republicans over how to revive the ailing economy" is designed to provide Obama "left" cover while hiding the fact that the only "solution" discussed, SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS, was designed as a trick to divert money from social spending. See: "The Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed" by David Stockman, Reagan's Economic Czar. Under the threat of a million-strong Communist Movement in the United States, Keynesian deficit spending of 37% of GDP was used by FDR during the New Deal and WWII created large-scale public jobs programs which in turn stimulated DEMAND, the engine of the economy. That alone lifted the U.S. out of the Great Depression and remains the only capitalist solution to the present Depression. Also needed is a Progressive Tax Structure, which will never happen under capitalism because of its One-Way Development Sequence. Instead the Bush Tax Cuts have been extended and Social Security Taxes suspended in order to get rid of Social Security.

On July 5, 2010 on BBC TV Kaku totally exposed himself as a neo-creationist similar to Francis Collins Obama's new head of the NIH (see below) and Stephen Hawking! Kaku let his political-religious motives all hang out in a response to a BBC report about the Plank Telescope. Kaku falsely claimed that Plank maps showed "the speed of light was exceeded in the Big Bang explosion due to dark energy," which would violate the Special Theory of Relativity and is a total lie (see above), then claimed that the Planck Telescope will be looking for evidence of "worm holes," "multiverses" and "space time foam" (AKA "Quantum Foam") now heavily pushed by the discredited Stephen Hawking, NASA and Kaku in an attempt to supplant quantum mechanics with String and M-Theory. Although he tried to cover himself saying: "this is all controversial," Kaku openly identified himself as a neo-creationist: "We want to find the explanation for the creation, the Genesis, of the Universe." Hawking's new claim of "spontaneous creation" is also a total fraud. The origin of matter is an unknowable! (See below.)

The misnamed, so-called "intelligence community" of the U.S.-led World Dictatorship of Millionaires and Billionaires is using Michio Kaku, his NASA cronies and apparently Stephen Hawking to try to take over physics and science from the inside and "the top" and make neo-creationism the default belief taught in physics and science courses in the schools, colleges and universities. In addition to trying to supplant Relativity and Quantum Mechanics the dictatorship is also attempting to supplant the Standard Model of the Theory of the Big Bang with the magically fraudulent, so-called "Theory of Inflation," or "inflationary epoch," which falsely depends on properties of elementary particles not accounted for in the standard big bang models, plus fictitious "dark energy." Supposedly about 10-35 seconds after the Big Bang "dark energy," which they interchangeably label "vacuum energy," suddenly appeared from nowhere and as a consequence of this "vacuum energy" gravitation supposedly became "repulsive for a period of about 10-32 seconds." (!) During this period the Universe supposedly expanded from a "single point smaller than an atom" or "a volume that was only a few centimeters across (!)" (take your pick) increasing its size scale by about a factor of 1050. (!) Totally ridiculous! There was NO sudden "inflation of the time-space continuum"! The purpose of this attempt to inject "dark energy sudden expansion" is to promote magical and superstitious religious belief?not science?and to fraudulently reduce the actual age of the Universe in accordance with the objective of the so-called "Key Project" to try to refute the Big Crunch and Big Bang/Big Crunch Cyclic Nature of the Universe. (See below.)

The Standard Model of the Big Bang is based on detailed estimations of temperature change, energy density and thermal equilibrium, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and relativity. Not violations of Relativity! The Standard Model of the Big Bang describes a sudden explosion/expansion during the first 3 minutes when matter was dominant but where elementary particles inter-converted with radiation according to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: E=mc2. That explosion/expansion continued during a period where radiation dominated, which lasted for 700,000 years, or "absolute time units," during which the Universe was opaque. When the temperature fell from 100 million degrees Centigrade to 3,000 degrees Kelvin matter again became dominant and the Universe first became transparent to radiation. Actual star formation probably could not have begun before about 1 billion years. The reality is that the Big Bang could at no time have proceeded faster than the speed of light! See: "The First Three Minutes" Steven Weinberg 1977, Basic Books, New York. But even Weinberg considers "Genesis" to be an important issue and moreover displays virtually no knowledge or understanding of Black Holes supposedly and provides a false description of the Big Crunch, an explanation which he strongly discourages, and where Black Holes receive no mention whatever and presumably play no part. (!)

Apparently in reaction to having Michio Kaku & Co. exposed all over the Internet as a falsifier of basic theoretical astrophysics, etc., the misnamed "intelligence community" has given Kaku a huge media pump and put him front and center on U.S. government network news programs, where Kaku has made the brazen assertion that the Large Hadron Collider will "prove the existence of string theory and parallel universes"! Then on July 22, 2010, Kaku and his retinue on the "History Channel," promising to "boggle your mind" (!) pulled out all the stops going for broke and coming on like exultant gangbusters, intensified their push of fraudulent "string theory" and now "membrane theory" (!) and their denial of Relativity (Special Theory and General Theory) and Heisenberg.

The Truth About Unidentified Flying Objects
UFOs (Flying Saucers) and Extraterrestrial Life:

At the risk of sensationalizing the Materialist Analysis of Theoretical Astrophysics this writer and many colleagues believe that is important to respond to and put into proper perspective the U.S. Government's official position on: 1.) UFOs, and 2.) Extraterrestrial life, 3.) The consistently hostile portrayal of both by the media/entertainment industry, which is simply an arm of the U.S. Government's dishonestly labeled brainwash operation known as the "intelligence community." (See above.) This includes the most recent attack on "aliens" by Stephen Hawking, who is increasingly discredited among scientists but still heavily hyped by the capitalist dictatorship as he becomes more bizarre in his pronouncements, for reasons explained above. First of all, it is important to restate one of the fundamental Rules of Statecraft, namely that a government control and operate its own "opposition." Within the capitalist dictatorship this applies not only to political parties and organizations as explained above but also to virtually every important issue and of course includes the hot topic of UFOs and extraterrestrial life. Note that despite an enormous effort to deny it the June 8, 1908 Tunguska explosion in Siberia was a nuclear explosion equal to 30 million tons of TNT and is further proof of the existence of UFOs. In addition, the cylindrical fireball made 2 right-angle turns and exploded at between 2 to 3 miles altitude, and at ground zero left fused particles of magnetite, germanium (used in semiconductors) and silicate globules with traces of copper (possibly from wire), cobalt and nickel, not present in meteorites or comets. Ground zero precisely resembled ground zero at Hiroshima. In addition, the enormous heat of the explosion melted the permafrost in the Taiga and created several small lakes. There was NO loss of life in the explosion apparently because those in the flying saucer knew the area was uninhabited. See the deliberately obscurely entitled "The Fire Came By" by Baxter and Atkins, Doubleday 1976. At 5:11 PM on December 9, 1997 over the uninhabited southern tip of Greenland another "fireball," a nuclear powered UFO, exploded at about the same height as in Tunguska and was "so bright as to turn night into day at a distance of 60 miles, and can be compared to the light of a nuclear explosion in the atmosphere." New York Times, December 19, 1997, Page A17.

It is a fact that ever since the film "The Day The Earth Stood Still" appeared in 1951 starring Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal and Sam Jaffe, where UFOs and alien life are portrayed favorably (see below), all portrayals by the capitalist dictatorship of alien life have been hostile and/or maximally dishonest. The reason is that the overwhelming majority of people on this planet already believe that UFOs exist and many have seen flying saucers themselves. But the U.S.-led world capitalist dictatorship will NEVER EVER officially acknowledge the presence of UFOs and will always deny their existence because by so doing they would be openly admitting that the present "civilization" on Earth is a low-level inferior civilization, which more advanced civilizations REFUSE TO MAKE ANY OFFICIAL CONTACT WITH! Acknowledging the existence of UFOs (flying saucers) would immediately also raise that crucial question of WHY the more advanced civilizations, which have solved the problem of space travel between stars, do NOT contact the governments of Earth. The reason is elementary and it is fundamental.

The Rule of Advanced Civilizations Never to Contact Lower Civilizations:

It is obviously a Rule of Advanced Civilizations never to make direct or official contact with a lower civilization defined as 1.) A civilization which has not advanced to World Socialism, which is the only way to permanently abolish the basis of all war on that planet as well as all threats to visiting civilizations and 2.) A civilization that officially denies the existence of UFOs and simultaneously expresses NOTHING but hatred, fear and hostility directed at UFOs and extraterrestrial life in its "popular culture," e.g. films. 3.) A civilization which has not developed the nuclear powered electromagnetic anti-gravity engine which is used to power travel between stars. Obviously no advanced civilization which has visited Earth would even dream of making official contact with such a civilization which now fulfills ALL of the above criteria and represents nothing but potential danger to them. Such an advanced civilization could never share ANY scientific information with such a lower civilization, such as the mechanism of the electromagnetic anti-gravity engine because lower civilizations, which have not reached the stage of World Socialism are fundamentally based on war, mass murder, crime and subjugation to steal new resources and new markets to increase private profits, and would immediately turn around and attack the advanced civilization. This is a no-brainer and we have to give the advanced civilization credit for some brains. The government uses "Alien abduction" claims to discredit UFO reports in general but they may have some truth.

The United States government and other governments control virtually all information on UFOs. This includes virtually the entire Internet! With one exception observed by this writer, it is noteworthy that in this age of super high quality cell phone cameras with video capabilities, that there is NOT even one good photograph or video of a UFO publicly available. The exception was a short video, which appeared on RT Russian Television in the United States suddenly at the end of a news broadcast approximately 2 years ago (2008) and was BLIPPED one time only. The very clear video was of a UFO from a very short distance of no more than about 50 yards. There was no mistaking what it was and RT Russian Television provided no commentary. The Russian Federation was obviously tweaking their U.S. "partners" and naturally there was no comment by the U.S.

It is absolutely certain that all UFOs come from within out own galaxy because the nearest other galaxy is Andromeda, which is 2,500,000 light years away, a distance so great that it would completely rule out intergalactic travel. The descriptions of the extraterrestrials from the July 1947 Roswell, New Mexico UFO crash describe very thin humanlike individuals somewhat smaller than humans with bilateral symmetry and large heads. Other reports concur with this description. The reason that they are so thin is due to calcium loss from the bones over generations of space travel. These advanced civilizations undoubtedly also use suspended animation during their very long interstellar journeys and/or employ in vivo telomerase to permanently halt all aging. Evolution rules out entirely the fantastical forms of extraterrestrial life imagined by Stephen Hawking apparently inspired by other U.S. government-approved science fiction writers, including those who were responsible for the film "Independence Day," etc. See below. Such increasingly crazed statements by people such as Stephen Hawking are thus also a direct attack on Evolution. Regarding speed of interstellar travel: mass becomes infinite as one approaches the speed of light. This would limit in a very practical sense the speed of interstellar travel to perhaps half the speed of light at most if that. That is still very fast and their actual velocity is probably much less actually. Those who set out on such missions from other planets know that they will never return because the distances are so vast. They are comparable to Lewis and Clark type exploratory expeditions. They would make their reports over the years, which would travel at the speed of light but would still take a long time to reach home.

Any and all supposed threats to "invade Earth," "drain its resources" and/or "colonize Earth" are entirely false and fictitious. The movie "Independence Day" was made to refurbish U.S. patriotism/jingoism and incite hatred of all "aliens" and most certainly does not concur with the descriptions in all previous reports of UFOs and of extraterrestrial life dating back for millennia. Note that even the Back to Africa Movement of Marcus Garvey could never have been accomplished because of the huge increase in the number of Black people in the U.S. since the advent of slavery. Colonizing and taking over an inhabited planet is thus sheer total nonsense. The "attempts" by NASA, etc. to "launch space probes to contact aliens" are just going through the motions and are just another denial of the fact that UFOs have been documented to have visited the Earth for millennia according to primitive drawings on the walls of caves and later depictions in other societies. No advanced civilization would want to advertise its presence to lower civilizations because of the threat described above, so even the giant Arecibo Radiotelescope in Puerto Rico is unlikely to detect presence of advanced "aliens."

The capitalist dictatorship uses every conceivable thing possible, even the threat of future invasions of aliens or rogue asteroids to try to generate the MASS PSYCHOLOGY OF CRISIS, which causes the masses to rally around and increase trust in the government no matter how oppressive and irresponsible it is, with the expectation that it will protect them. Incidentally, the strategy to divert even rather large asteroids has already been worked out in detail but is rarely mentioned in order to maintain as much fear and foreboding as possible, and simply involves detonating a nuclear device to the side of the asteroid, not on it, in order to divert it, not shatter it into multiple pieces, which would otherwise all be directed at Earth. Note that the so-called "War on Terror" is also designed to generate the Mass Psychology of Crisis in providing the pretext to maintain capitalism in its Final Stage of Permanent War and State Terrorism. If Islamic Fundamentalism did not exist it would have to be invented, because it is perfect for organizing and manipulating Mass Provocations as the pretext for the so-called War on Terror. Under Islam the only solution to U.S. aggression is a bomb NEVER Socialism. (See below)

On the other hand the capitalist dictatorship reveals that it has no intention whatsoever of protecting the World from Global Warming now at the stage of the Runaway Greenhouse Effect, as it steps up drilling for oil and destroys all life and ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico, now a Dead Sea! At a point where the oil economy should have been ended and the fossil fuel industry shut down?which can only be done after a Socialist Revolution, the Obama regime, working with the Federal Court system which it pretends to "oppose," has allowed deep water oil drilling to continue in almost 4000 other sites in the Gulf of Mexico (!) and has DECREED that later HE (Obama) will extend the same deep water drilling into the Atlantic Ocean all along the Eastern Seaboard where the seas are much rougher. If Obama was serious, which he is NOT, he would permanently stop all deep-water drilling on the basis of National Security! There will be more deep-water oil well blowouts. That is INEVITABLE! TIDAL POWER (tidalelectric.com), the only alternative energy source which can actually supplant fossil fuels for all uses except jet travel is never mentioned by Obama, Greenpeace (controlled, fake "opposition") and the oil companies who propose wind and solar because they know those sources can not supplant oil! Mandating a change from incandescent to fluorescent light bulbs is NOT simply a case of going through the motions. The Obama Regime knows very well that the bulbs contain the poisonous element Mercury and are easily broken and will also increase the death rate and help to reduce the population, a primary objective of the Obama Regime. For example, Bush in his wildest dreams could never ever have pushed through the Obama "Healthcare Overhaul," which was opposed by 58% of the American people and turns ALL of healthcare over to the insurance industry, while cutting $500 Billion from Medicare/Medicaid, the textbook definition of a scam, which is DESIGNED TO INCREASE HEALTHCARE RATIONING and bring people to an earlier death. End-Stage Capitalism is destroying the planet Earth while the masses presently remain neutralized. Capitalism is totally irresponsible and must be replaced by Socialism!

[William H. Depperman]

This website censored Part 3 on the spurious basis that it had "to many LINKS." This is a BIG LIE. Bad Website.

William H. Depperman, Coordinator
United Front Against Racism
And Capitalism-Imperialism
New York, N.Y.
Revised February 28, 2011