The Volokh Conspiracy
Mostly law professors | Sometimes contrarian | Often libertarian | Always independent
FIRE's Response to Police Dispersing Pro-Palestinian Protesters at UT Austin
As I've noted before, public universities have considerable authority to impose content-neutral rules on demonstrations, for instance prohibiting overnight campouts, restricting sound amplification, and so on. But of course the First Amendment requires such rules to be content-neutral (or, in "limited public forums" on campuses, at least viewpoint-neutral). And even content-neutral restrictions in outdoor quads, at least as to student gatherings, still have to be reasonable (to oversimplify the rules slightly).
Beyond that, a 2019 Texas statute reinforces this, and indeed provides even broader protection than the First Amendment minimum. In particular, it treats "outdoor areas of the institution's campus" as tantamount to "traditional public forums," open to all members of the public. This designation also precludes content-based restrictions. (Some public universities might be able to argue that such outdoor spaces are only "limited public forums," where content-based but viewpoint-neutral restrictions are allowed; not so in Texas.) And it provides that restrictions must be "narrowly tailored to serve a significant institutional interest" and must "leave open ample alternative channels." (Again, if a university could treat an outdoor space as a "limited public forum," restrictions would only need to be reasonable; but in Texas the bar is higher.) And the statute "recogniz[es] freedom of speech and assembly as central to the mission of institutions of higher education."
This makes me pretty skeptical about the dispersing of protesters at UT. First, Governor Abbott's statements suggest that this happened because the protesters' speech was anti-Semitic; but that's a viewpoint-based basis for restriction, not a content- and viewpoint-neutral one. (The Governor appears to have been involved in the police actions here.) Second, from the press accounts that I had seen the protesters appear to not have been engaged in sleepouts, blockages, or other things that violated campus rules; and to the extent that they didn't have a permit, there seemed to have been no "clear, published, content-neutral, and viewpoint-neutral criteria" (to quote the Texas statute) justifying any denial of a permit.
The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, whose work I generally trust in this area, takes a similar view in a letter it released Thursday:
FIRE is deeply concerned by the University of Texas at Austin's outrageous and unnecessary use of riot police yesterday afternoon to forcibly disperse students and faculty engaged in a peaceful Gaza solidarity walk-out on campus, taking journalists covering the event with them. UT Austin, at the direction of Governor Greg Abbott, appears to have preemptively banned peaceful pro-Palestinian protesters due solely to their views rather than for any actionable misconduct. {The recitation here reflects our understanding of the pertinent facts based on public information. We appreciate that you may have additional information and invite you to share it with us.} UT Austin's inexcusable actions violate its binding First Amendment obligations as a public university, as well as its obligations under state law to keep all open, outdoor areas of public campuses free for all constitutionally-protected protest. UT Austin must ensure all criminal trespassing charges against peaceful protesters are dropped, if not already dismissed, and forgo further pursuit of institutional or criminal punishment.
On Tuesday, April 23, the Palestinian Solidarity Committee of Austin announced a "Popular University for Gaza" walk-out planned for the following day, followed by an afternoon schedule that included teach-ins, study breaks, pizza, and an art workshop. {The post read in part: "In the footsteps of our comrades at Columbia SJP, Rutgers-New Brunswick, Yale, and countless others across the nation, we will be establishing THE POPULAR UNIVERSITY FOR GAZA and demanding our administration divest from death. We will be occupying the space throughout the entire day, so be sure to bring blankets, food and water, face masks, and lots of energy."} That evening, the UT Austin sent PSC a letter informing the group the university would not permit Wednesday's walk-out to move forward due to its "declared intent to violate our policies and rules, and disrupt our campus operations." As evidence of disruptive intent, the letter cited the group's April 21 Instagram post, which included the line: "In the footsteps of our comrades at Rutgers- New Brunswick SJP, Tufts SJP, and Columbia SJP, we will take back our university and force our administration to divest, for the people of Gaza!" The letter also noted the group's encouragement for protesters to bring face masks and further stated:
The University of Texas at Austin will not allow this campus to be "taken" and protesters to derail our mission in ways that groups affiliated with your national organization have accomplished elsewhere.
Please be advised that you are not permitted to hold your event on the University campus. Any attempt to do so will subject your organization and its attending members to discipline including suspension under the Institutional Rules. Individuals not affiliated with the University and attempting to attend this event will be directed to leave campus. Refusal to comply may result in arrest.
On Wednesday, students and faculty gathering for the walk-out encountered a large law enforcement presence, including UT police and Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) troopers called in "at the request of the University and at the direction of Texas Governor Greg Abbott, in order to prevent any unlawful assembly and to support UT Police in maintaining the peace by arresting anyone engaging in any sort of criminal activity, including criminal trespass." The officers ordered those present to disperse, ultimately arresting more than 50 protesters and at least one journalist covering the event.
As the officers responded to the protest on campus, Abbott posted the following on social media:
Arrests being made right now & will continue until the crowd disperses.
These protesters belong in jail.
Antisemitism will not be tolerated in Texas. Period.
Students joining in hate-filled, antisemitic protests at any public college or university in Texas should be expelled.
That evening, you sent a campus-wide letter saying that "protesters tried to deliver on their stated intent to occupy campus … and many ignored University officials' continual pleas for restraint and to immediately disperse."
This response comes on the heels of a March 27 Executive Order Governor Abbott issued instructing Texas state colleges and universities to review and update their speech policies to "address the sharp rise in antisemitic speech and acts on university campuses and establish appropriate punishments, including expulsion." The Order also identified SPC by name as a group schools should discipline for violation of the policies.
UT Austin's disproportionate response to a seemingly peaceful protest, on expressly viewpoint-based grounds, raises serious constitutional concerns. As a public institution, any university restriction on student expression must comport with the First Amendment's "bedrock principle" of viewpoint neutrality. The university may establish and enforce reasonable restrictions on the time, place, and manner of speech or expressive activity, but its rules must be viewpoint- and content-neutral, narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest, leave open ample alternative channels for communication, and—perhaps most importantly—not selectively enforced based on a speaker's viewpoint.
These foundational free speech principles are also enshrined in Texas state law, as well as in UT Austin policy. Texas law is clear: Outdoor common areas on state university campuses are traditional public forums open for "any person to engage in expressive activities in those areas of the institution's campus freely[.]" Students, faculty, and members of the public therefore have the right to peacefully protest at UT Austin without regard to the views they wish to express. And the university must protect their right to peacefully protest by using "other, less restrictive means" than shutting down the rally even when protesters are met with violence or disruption from those who disagree with their message.
Instead, it appears UT Austin based its response on objections to the protesters' expressed support for Gaza and not any planned—or actual—violation of university policy or applicable law. The protestors gathered in an outdoor common area of campus traditionally open to public expression. Planned events included study breaks and ended with an art workshop, which are hardly intrinsically disruptive or violent activities—despite UT Austin's attempts to frame the plans as such, and as violative of university policy. Those plans stand at odds with Gov. Abbott's statement during the protest that participants in "hate-filled, antisemitic protests" should be jailed and expelled, his direction of DPS troopers to campus, and last month's Executive Order specifically targeting anti-Semitism, which along with UT Austin's actions paint a clear picture of state actors executing a multi-pronged campaign to censor disfavored views.
UT Austin's view that PSC's call to "take back our university and force our administration to divest" belies [likely should be "evidences" -EV] disruptive intent is speculative and unsubstantiated, as is your accusation that protesters "tried to deliver on their stated intent to occupy campus." The Supreme Court affirmed more than 50 years ago that such figurative statements cannot be punished as intending violence. A peaceful protest in an area of a state university that is open to public expression is not unlawful "occupation"—protesters cannot unlawfully occupy a space by engaging in expressive activity they have every right to pursue in a space in which they have every right to be.
Simply put, yesterday's show of force in response to a peaceful gathering and the dozens of arrests of peaceful protesters, and at least one journalist, make clear UT Austin has abdicated its constitutional and state-mandated obligations to protect expressive rights on its campus.
To correct course, UT Austin must urgently ensure all criminal charges against peaceful protesters are dropped, if they have not already been dismissed, and cease any further pursuit of disciplinary sanctions against peaceful protesters. The university must immediately change any policies or practices that would permit such suppression of protected speech to recur in the future—even when university leaders are pressured to do so by legislators or other powerful actors.
Given the urgent nature of this matter, FIRE requests a substantive response to this letter no later than close of business Tuesday, April 30.
Again, as FIRE notes, all this rests on the news accounts, since the legal analysis necessarily turns on the facts. I'd be happy to revise this as more facts come available. Here is the UT President's statement on the matter, to which the FIRE letter in some measure replies:
This has been a challenging day for many. We have witnessed much activity we normally do not experience on our campus, and there is understandably a lot of emotion surrounding these events.
Today, our University held firm, enforcing our rules while protecting the Constitutional right to free speech. Peaceful protests within our rules are acceptable. Breaking our rules and policies and disrupting others' ability to learn are not allowed. The group that led this protest stated it was going to violate Institutional Rules. Our rules matter, and they will be enforced. Our University will not be occupied.
The protesters tried to deliver on their stated intent to occupy campus. People not affiliated with UT joined them, and many ignored University officials' continual pleas for restraint and to immediately disperse. The University did as we said we would do in the face of prohibited actions. We were prepared, with the necessary support to maintain campus operations and ensure the safety, well-being and learning environment for our more than 50,000 students.
We are grateful for the countless staff members and state and University law enforcement officers, as well as support personnel who exercised extraordinary restraint in the face of a difficult situation that is playing out at universities across the country. There is a way to exercise freedom of speech and civil discourse, and our Office of the Dean of Students has continued to offer ways to ensure protests can happen within the rules. The University of Texas will continue to take necessary steps so that all our University functions proceed without interruption.
Note that I've consulted for FIRE on various matters, but not on this matter, and no-one asked me to blog about it.
