Spurlock's Splurge
Does a McDonald's binge prove fast food is "unreasonably dangerous"?
Super Size Me, a funny but tendentious film that ends with a wishful image of Ronald McDonald's grave, begins with an epigram from McDonald's founder Ray Kroc: "Look after the customer, and the business will take care of itself." It's not clear whether Morgan Spurlock, the film's director and star, is mocking Kroc or suggesting that his corporate descendants have forsaken his credo.
Perhaps that's because Spurlock can't quite decide. He seems torn between the main story line of his movie, in which sneaky corporations manipulate people into overeating, and the more complicated reality, in which companies respond to consumer demands that are only sometimes driven by health considerations.
"For me," Spurlock announced at the Washington, D.C., International Film Festival on May 2, "the personal responsibility issue is very important." Yet the movie, which opens nationwide today (and in which I briefly appear), presents the results of Spurlock's month-long McDonald's binge as validation of the reasoning behind the unsuccessful lawsuit that two obese New York City teenagers filed against McDonald's in 2002.
Spurlock says his exercise in extreme eating, during which he gained nearly 25 pounds, was aimed at determining whether fast food is "unreasonably dangerous," which would make it "defective" under product liability law, and whether it causes "injury," which plaintiffs must demonstrate to recover damages. But in planning his fast food feat, he paid no heed to the central reason the McDonald's lawsuit was dismissed.
In his January 2003 ruling, U.S. District Judge Robert Sweet declared that "any liability based on over-consumption is doomed if the consequences of such over-consumption are common knowledge." He continued:
"If a person knows or should know that eating copious orders of supersized McDonald's products is unhealthy and may result in weight gain…it is not the place of the law to protect them from their own excesses. Nobody is forced to eat at McDonald's… Even more pertinent, nobody is forced to supersize their meal or choose less healthy options on the menu."
Although Spurlock concedes "my experiment may have been a little extreme," he notes that some people do eat at McDonald's regularly, even daily. But despite the plethora of calorie-packed dishes offered by McDonald's, he easily could have eaten three meals a day there without gaining weight.
For instance, an Egg McMuffin, orange juice, and coffee for breakfast; a grilled chicken bacon ranch salad and iced tea for lunch; and a double cheeseburger, medium fries, and diet Coke for dinner total fewer than 1,800 calories, well under the 2,500 Spurlock's doctor says he needed to maintain his starting weight of 185 pounds. By contrast, Spurlock says he consumed some 5,000 calories a day, while deliberately avoiding physical activity.
In short, Spurlock's "experiment" proves nothing but basic physics. Still, he is right in suggesting there's an association between the proliferation of restaurants and Americans' bulging bellies. That impression was confirmed by a statistical analysis the National Bureau of Economic Research published in October 2002.
At the same time, the researchers emphasized that "the growth in these restaurants, and especially fast-food restaurants, is to a large extent a response to the increasing scarcity and increasing value of household or nonmarket time." In other words, economic changes such as greater participation in the labor market by women have increased the demand for fast, convenient meals.
As the NBER's summary of the paper put it, "fast-food or convenience meals should rightly be considered as much an effect as a cause of American eating patterns." Spurlock seems to grasp this point. "Why do we go to fast food restaurants?" he said at the D.C. film festival. "Because it's easy."
Although he conceded that fast food chains respond to consumer demand, Spurlock criticized them for failing to provide conspicuous nutritional information. He praised TGI Friday's for deciding to include calorie counts on its menus and suggested McDonald's could do the same, but "they fear losing money."
Even if that's true, it's not the end of the story. Presumably TGI Friday's decided it could make money by changing its menus, attracting business from competitors who are less forthcoming. The market will determine who is right.
Even while urging his audience to demand healthier options, Spurlock warned that fast food chains "owe their loyalty to stockholders, not to you." If he had taken Ray Kroc's observation to heart, he would have realized that stockholders get what they want only when customers do.
