Public Education’s Silver Bullet

School reformer Terry Moe argues that technology will finally accomplish what vouchers never could.

Shikha Dalmia from the January 2011 issue

With the public-school documentary tearjerker Waiting for Superman stunning audiences from coast to coast, D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty losing his re-election bid largely because of his support for education reform, and NBC devoting an entire week of prime-time coverage to the nation’s ongoing K–12 crisis, many Americans are newly focused on the negative impact teachers unions are having on student performance. Terry M. Moe has been considering the problem for more than two decades now.

Moe, a professor of political science at Stanford University, has been one the most intrepid critics of the unions ever since his first book, Politics, Markets, and American Schools, came out in 1990. Co-authored with John Chubb, the book offered a devastating account of how unions thwart reform and trap children in a dysfunctional education system. Chubb and Moe made an emphatic early plea for school vouchers and parental choice. “We believe existing institutions cannot solve the problem because they are the problem,” they wrote.

The book “rocked the education world,” as the Chicago Tribune put it in 1990. The conservative Philanthropy Roundtable counted it among the eight most influential books of the time, along with Milton Friedman’s Free to Choose and Charles Murray’s Losing Ground. Its influence was partly due to Moe’s extensive research on public bureaucracies. But it was also because of who Moe was not: a right-wing hack. The book was published by the center-left Brookings Institution, where he was a senior fellow at the time, making it hard for defenders of the status quo to discredit it as a conservative screed.

Two decades later, Moe and Chubb have taken up the cause of school reform again in Liberating Learning. The school choice movement has not lived up to its promise of wholesale reform, Liberating Learning laments, although it had a notable success in mainstreaming the cause of charter schools. Still, Moe optimistically argues that the education monopoly’s days are numbered. He says the revolution in information technology, which has placed huge amounts of information at everyone’s fingertips, will do to teachers unions what a meteor did to dinosaurs: wipe them out and make way for new life forms.

Reason Foundation Senior Analyst Shikha Dalmia interviewed Moe in his office at Stanford, where they discussed the radical new shape of 21st century schools, the “sheer power” of teachers unions, and how Barack Obama has delivered on his campaign promises of education reform.

reason: What do you think the classrooms of the future will look like?

Terry M. Moe: When people think about the schools of the future, they think about kids sitting in classrooms using computers or maybe in a computer lab doing online research. But some future schools will be virtual charters, meaning they will enroll children on a full-time basis from anywhere. The children can be at home; they can be at the library; they can be anywhere, and they will take a full-time curriculum from these schools. They don’t have to physically be in one place.

Most kids will continue to go to a physical place called school. But these schools too will be hybrids. They will be partly traditional in the sense that there will be face-to-face interaction, but a lot of their learning will take place online. As a result, there will be many fewer teachers per student. Our entire education process will be far less labor-intensive.

Yet we will be able to accomplish more with the kids. Teachers in a classroom standing in front of 30 children can only do so much. They have to deliver a standardized curriculum. They cannot customize education to every child. Some kids get way behind; some kids are way ahead and bored. Other kids, in the middle, are staring out the window, unmotivated, needing personal attention. With online learning and technology in general, we can customize education to the individual child.

reason: You will get more personal attention and customization with fewer teachers? How?

Moe: In a labor-intensive industry, customizing education meant having one teacher for every child. That’s impossible, so instead you have 30 children and one teacher. You can’t customize. You have to standardize. But we have a method now that personalizes every child’s education. They can move through at their own pace.

That’s because there will essentially be a division of labor between teachers and computers, where computers are doing a lot of the teaching and teachers are participating, facilitating, but most of the load is being borne by computers. And kids can go through the material at their own pace. If they don’t know something, the computer knows they don’t know it. It can then immediately provide them with remedial help. They can work on things that they don’t know until they do know them. Then they can move ahead. The computer can be measuring how well the kids are doing at every step along the way and make that data available to teachers in real time to see the student’s progress. So there’s just so much more relevant information about the student. This has never happened before.

And teaching will become a much more differentiated profession than it is now. Not all teachers will be class teachers. A lot of the teachers will be online teachers who may, in fact, not deal with students. They might deal mainly with parents. Or with developing curricula. Or setting up management infrastructure. There may be other teachers whose job will require them to be at the school physically, monitoring kids or providing kids with tutoring, special help when they don’t understand something about their computer or about the material or the assignment. And I think that they’ll also be paid differently and evaluated very differently because their profession is going to be so different.

reason: This turns the conventional wisdom on its head, right? Education was supposed to one of those industries that was always going to be labor-intensive. Nobody thought that you could have fewer people and still customize education.

Moe: That’s true, and that’s been the key to education’s stagnation. Technology has been the key to progress and productivity across industries throughout history. But there are some industries, often associated with government, where it just hasn’t been possible to introduce technology in a productive way, and education was one of those. There are other examples, like Broadway plays or symphony orchestras, where you really can’t substitute technology, and costs have gone through the roof. But technology is going to transform education because now, for the first time in history, we can really substitute technology for labor.

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|12.21.10 @ 12:04PM|#

do to teachers unions what a meteor did to dinosaurs: wipe them out and make way for new life forms.

*fingers crossed*

Though the big difference, of course, is that dinosaurs are cool.

|12.21.10 @ 12:44PM|#

Dinos are only cool so long as they live in a different time period than humans. Unless you like being chased by Velociraptors.

Name Nomad|12.21.10 @ 12:49PM|#

Considering how velociraptors were about two feet tall when fully grown, I'm not sure I'd lose much sleep over that eventuality.

|12.21.10 @ 12:54PM|#

Jurrasic Park got it wrong? Shocked face over here.

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:06PM|#

Utah Raptor was a big boy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_raptor

|12.21.10 @ 2:19PM|#

Oh, ok, I see. You wouldn't be too concerned about a 2ft tall feral dog that was running for you either? Personally, I'd be concerned, since the teeth and claws are still pretty damn dangerous.

Yeah, yeah, I used the wrong dinosaur in my example, but those tiny raptors weren't exactly turkeys. Besides, didn't Nedry get killed by a 2ft dino? (Whoops, did I just use JP as evidence again, dammit!)

|12.21.10 @ 1:07PM|#

I'd be more concerned about the T-Rex, myself. Would an elephant gun round (as we know it, like a Nitro Express) be able to take one down?

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:26PM|#

How do you stop a T-Rex from charging?

Cut up his credit cards!

omg|12.21.10 @ 1:52PM|#

It certainly wouldn't have much trouble penetrating the flesh and bone and going far enough to do damage. I'd bet shot placement would be key, though.

|12.21.10 @ 2:22PM|#

Even if hit the heart, would it take out enough of the organ to actually incapacitate the animal? I'm thinking explosive rounds, or automatic fire, would be necessary to inflict enough damage before those jaws could chomp down on you.

I think a new series on the discovery channel is called for.

Realist|12.21.10 @ 3:08PM|#

Are you talking velociraptors or union teachers???

|12.22.10 @ 2:27AM|#

there is a difference?

|12.21.10 @ 2:33PM|#

A-Square makes a round specifically for that, should JP become a reality:

Behold the .577 Tyrannasour. Of course, they also have the .600 and .700 NE, though your shoulder might be a bit ~~sore~~ dislocated after firing it.

Meh|12.21.10 @ 3:11PM|#

Oddly enough, I don't find myself being chased by lions, tigers, bears, or wolves. I'm pretty sure we could out-compete the dinos, too.

The real question is could all our ancestor-mammals have out-competed them without them being wiped out.

|12.21.10 @ 12:09PM|#

What we really need to do is return public education to the city or, if necessary, county level. We need to get rid of the Federal Department of Education. Here in Texas we have a State Board of Education which is no better and needs to go as well.

close. get rid of public-run education altogether. Give FULL control to the parents.

|12.21.10 @ 2:45PM|#

If all parents actually had a brain their head I'd agree with you. However it seems like 9 out of 10 parents I see on the street don't exercise any responsibility or control over their children whatsoever. They either want to be a friend and not a parent or they let TV and the internet be the babysitter.

|12.21.10 @ 3:06PM|#

So? Who are we to say that they can't raise their kids that wait? We can certainly OFFER help and aid but to coerce it? It's a terrible idea that has resulted in what we have now.

Invisible Finger|12.21.10 @ 5:00PM|#

However it seems like 9 out of 10 parents I see on the street don't exercise any responsibility

Is that because they won't or is it because the state says they'll do it for them?

Caroline|12.21.10 @ 5:12PM|#

I agree that many parents are unconcerned with their children's education, but I would argue that the very structure of public education encourages parental non-involvement. Lower income parents have virtually no choice when it comes to what school their child will attend since they can't afford private schools and probably don't have time to homeschool -- so, really, I think their disinterest is caused by a sense of helplessness. I think that abolishing public schools and giving full control to parents would be empowering and encourage them to be more proactive in their kids' education since they actually would have alternatives to the ineffective and violence-ridden school down the street.

DK|12.22.10 @ 10:15AM|#

Absolutely correct. There's also the financial issue. As public education expenses are financed through taxation and subsidies, they don't make it to parents' budgets. Were individuals to pay directly for the full price for the education of their children, they would presumably pay a lot more attention.

Founding Father|12.22.10 @ 11:55AM|#

Freedom and responsibility? That is so out of style.

|12.21.10 @ 12:10PM|#

I am Kirok!

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 12:24PM|#

Geek.

Worse: Trekker geek.

|12.21.10 @ 1:26PM|#

Takes one to know one.

If you prefer, I am Bruce Willis, Robert Duvall, and Sean Connery all wrapped into one. No meteor is safe from me.

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 1:34PM|#

Re: Teachers Unions,

OMG, he's on to me . . . .

Rich|12.21.10 @ 12:16PM|#

Serious question: Will the online instruction be available in every "required" (human) language? If so, how?

|12.21.10 @ 12:24PM|#

Click here for English
Click here for Igpay Atinlay
etc.

srsly?

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 12:33PM|#

By the way, who's the hottest chick of the original series?

I vote for Sherry "Andrea" Jackson of ST:TOS "What Are Little Girls Made Of?"

|12.21.10 @ 12:35PM|#

Are we having trouble negotiating threaded comments this morning?

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 12:43PM|#

Sorry, sage - I pressed the wrong "reply to this" link.

Ted S.|12.21.10 @ 1:50PM|#

Who's "we"?

BakedPenguin|12.21.10 @ 2:11PM|#

Grace Lee Whitney

Steve|12.21.10 @ 4:09PM|#

Barbara Luna!

|12.21.10 @ 4:57PM|#

Doctor Helen Noel. I'd like to see her in Andrea's outfit.

Rich|12.21.10 @ 12:57PM|#

What I mean is: Given the assumption that the powers-that-be still require every kid to get "equally educated", how are computerized tutor programs to be developed for, say, teaching the history of alchemy to a kid who speaks pidgin Chamicuro-Pahsto creole at home? Seems like this might save or create a lot of jobs.

Rich|12.21.10 @ 1:00PM|#

*Pashto

BakedPenguin|12.21.10 @ 2:13PM|#

I doubt that would be true. But even if it would be true, the program is already created; all you need is one person to translate it once.

DK|12.22.10 @ 10:19AM|#

Maybe not even that. There are already programs which can translate written works into any language on the planet. Granted, the translation is not perfect. However, it seems likely that there will soon be programs capable of analyzing and synthesizing grammar and syntax to produce translations that mimic the manner in which a given language is actually used. Combine that with speech synthesis programs and I'd say computers will soon be able to generate all of the required multilingual lessons.

cynical|12.21.10 @ 9:41PM|#

More easily than with human teachers, presumably, since you just need a small team of translators for the entire curriculum.

Tim|12.21.10 @ 12:16PM|#

Look, sure a kid may have a natural talent for math, that's why said kid must be forced to play sports and memorize Shakespeare in a rigid hierarchy.
Put it another way.
If it weren't for teachers, schoolboards and the Department of Education people would only study things that they love and excel at. What kind of world would that be?

Drax the Destroyer|12.21.10 @ 12:33PM|#

"If it weren't for teachers, schoolboards and the Department of Education people would only study things that they love and excel at. What kind of world would that be?"

What is Somalia?

Drink!

Drax the Destroyer|12.21.10 @ 12:38PM|#

I chugged a forty after I typed that question mark.

|12.21.10 @ 12:45PM|#

The Reason Drinking Game: You're Doing it Right.

Ska|12.21.10 @ 12:56PM|#

Do they still make Crazy Horse or James Bowie?

Drax the Destroyer|12.21.10 @ 1:16PM|#

Not sure, but I'm down with Ye Olde English. Judging by the taste, it was actually brewed originally in 13th century England or it is siphoned off from the sewers of Pittsburgh, spat in hirsute teamsters, and then set out in the sun to "steep".

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:19PM|#

Ever crossed paths with "Wild Irish Rose"? Blecch.

Ska|12.21.10 @ 1:22PM|#

I'm an OE man myself (if I was to claim loyalty to a malt liquor myself).

Something in my mind tells me it's just rejected MGD.

Ska|12.21.10 @ 1:26PM|#

If I had to claim loyalty to a malt liquor I'd say I'm an OE man myself.

Although I think it's probably just reject MGD, slightly fortified before distribution.

|12.21.10 @ 12:22PM|#

Though the big difference, of course, is that dinosaurs are cool. Dinosaurs were minding their own business making a living, too. And if they were going to eat my little girl for an easy meal, at least they could look me in the eye and be honest about it.

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 12:23PM|#

New at Reason: Education Reformer Terry Moe on How Technology Will Accomplish What Vouchers Never Could[.]

How about just looking at the obvious and simply do away with compulsory education?

Why keep this "Danse Macabre Of The Unsolicited Solutions"? Education is a personal choice, not an engineering problem, for crying out loud!

Barry Loberfeld|12.21.10 @ 12:51PM|#

Spot on!

Compulsion and education -- force and thought -- are related like darkness and light: the presence of one is the absence of the other. The folly of bringing together both can be nothing less than manifest ignorance of the nature and reality of each.

|12.21.10 @ 3:32PM|#

The compulsion to educate, privately or publicly, in order to "improve" society, is driven by the welfare state. It must be, I can think of no other explanation. And it stems from the subconscious knowledge that a welfare state has been created by progressive ideology, and can only be remedied by giving everyone an education appropriate to the mid-to-top earners, so everyone becomes mid-to-top earners...I am not at my most eloquent right now and I am sure there is a better way to put what I'm saying, but it seems like progressives created the problem and now have to deal with the consequences of putting the downtrodden on the teat.

Also, compulsory, state-sponsored education means easy indoctrination and control of the underclasses.

Tim|12.21.10 @ 12:32PM|#

For those of you out there reading but choosing NOT to comment, need I remind you that you are in violation of the Commerce Clause as it pertains to the First Ammendment?

Ben|12.21.10 @ 1:08PM|#

Excellently played!

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:20PM|#

Just trying to keep you out of the defendant's chair, Ben.

Mike in PA|12.21.10 @ 1:34PM|#

Ok, you caught me. But what about those that aren't even reading? There's got to be a way to get them, too.

|12.21.10 @ 3:30PM|#

Ignorance of the law is no excuse!

|12.22.10 @ 3:25AM|#

Unless you are a cop, judge, or congressman :-)

Ragin Cajun|12.21.10 @ 1:51PM|#

My comments are for private consumption, in my own back yard.

|12.21.10 @ 3:44PM|#

Dude, don't bogart those comments...

Special Sauce|12.21.10 @ 12:33PM|#

A highly efficient, productive, and satisfying world.

Although we must sacrifice such a scenario. It is much more important to reinforce the notion that every student be well rounded. In a public institution this usually means that every student be mediocre, at best, in a variety of subjects. It's not enough that we produce publically funded retards... they must meet the important criteria of being well rounded publically funded retards.

|12.21.10 @ 12:48PM|#

How this squares with the new school-food regs escapes me.

|12.21.10 @ 12:47PM|#

Special, I would say that the key issue for our educrapparatchiks isn't "well-rounded", its "publicly funded".

Old Mexican|12.21.10 @ 12:53PM|#

"Black Education Disaster"
Walter Williams
http://www.lewrockwell.com/wil.....s63.1.html

Excerpt:

SAT scores confirm the poor education received by blacks. In 2009, average SAT reading test scores were: whites (528), Asians (516) and blacks (429). In math it was whites (536), Asians (587) and blacks (426). Twelve years of fraudulent primary and secondary education received by most blacks are not erased by four or five years of college.

[...]What's some of the response of the black community to efforts to do something about fraudulent primary and secondary education? Voters in Washington, D.C., might provide a partial answer. Mayor Adrian Fenty appointed and backed Michelle Rhee as chancellor of D.C. Public Schools.

She fired large numbers of ineffective teachers, most of whom were black, and fought the teachers' union. During her tenure, there were small gains made in student test scores.

How did all of this go over with Washington voters? Washington's teachers' union, as well as D.C.'s public-employee unions, spent massive amounts of money campaigning against Fenty. Voters unseated him in the November elections and with him went Chancellor Rhee. Fenty had other "faults"; he didn't play the racial patronage game that has become a part of D.C.'s political landscape. The clear message given by D.C. voters and teachers' union is that any politician who's willing to play hardball in an effort to improve black education will be run out of town.

Ergo: The Public School System is not really interested in results or educating children, it's only interested in keeping the fiefdoms.

Drax the Destroyer|12.21.10 @ 1:12PM|#

The sad truth is that, although in her short tenure, Michelle Rhee, by firing tons of incompetent fucks, managed for the first time in decades to stop the average math scores of DC students from sliding into oblivion. In fact, the scores even went up a little. Methinks some people were afraid of losing their jobs so they actually, ya know, did them. Moreover, Rhee probably moved out some of the deadwood that was stagnating curricula. As thanks for her efforts, she was forced to resign, called a racist dragon woman all the way to the DC city limits as the ranks of the teacher's union cheered her ousting while raising their pitch-forks and torches to the blood-red sky. I can't wait to see those math scores slide back into the maw of disaster that is the result of Union-backed education. Schadenfreude anyone?

Of course, Rhee's performance could be a statistical outlier, etc etc. I think it is far more likely that a powerful fiefdom had enough of "reform" and preferred the comfortable warmth of incompetence, stagnation, and loads of unearned dirty money. Oh well, if she moves up to New Jersey, Christie will have her back until he inevitably (and conveniently!) falls down an elevator shaft onto some precariously placed upright bullets. The unionized police force will determine the cause of death to be hookers and blow.

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:22PM|#

"the cause of death to be hookers and blow."

In New Jersey that's natural causes.

Drax the Destroyer|12.21.10 @ 1:29PM|#

Per the Man Show, that would be a man's death on par with whorehouse heart-attack and jumping out of a plane to your death.

|12.21.10 @ 2:25PM|#

Coming Soon: Orbital Skydiving to one's death from a MicroG Whorehouse.

omg|12.21.10 @ 2:06PM|#

Don't you get 800 points for writing your name down on the scantron? If the average score of a black student in the district was 850-860ish, wouldn't they do better by answering questions at random? I knew it was bad but I had no idea it was that bad. If the teachers and administrators in that school district had any shame, they would fall on their own swords.

Hank Williams|12.21.10 @ 12:59PM|#

Interesting take on civil liberties and politics in general. Also a refreshing definition of the classic liberal and traditional conservative

http://confederateunderground......ional.html

Tim|12.21.10 @ 1:10PM|#

This why our number one priority in education has to be getting those fat little bastards to eat vegetables from local organic cooperative farms.

Gregory Goldmark|12.21.10 @ 2:03PM|#

Don't we always think the next generation is going to hell in a handbasket?

|12.21.10 @ 2:26PM|#

We don't usually have the test scores to back it up though.

|12.21.10 @ 2:29PM|#

....because they're usually going to hell because of "that damn rock'n'roll", dancing, comic books, or video games. This time, the doomsaying is in response to them barely being able to do arithmetic.

Spartacus|12.21.10 @ 4:39PM|#

I'm still skeptical about the whole "the internet will eliminate schools" meme. They said the same thing about the printing press. You *can* learn plenty on your own, if you are motivated and self-disciplined. The vast majority of people are neither, and we now have nearly 20 years of evidence that students of all ages who take internet courses fail at very high rates.

I have no doubt that a lot of H&R posters can and do take advantage of online courses and resources, but readers of this blog are not a representative cross-section of the population. It's probably closer to reality to try and picture the cast of Idiocracy trying to complete courses online: this is what will happen if you try to implement online coursework for everybody.

There are no silver bullets. None. Not even the great series of tubes.

Spartacus|12.21.10 @ 4:44PM|#

Oh yeah, and if Terry Moe thinks that online instruction is less labor-intensive, then he's never tried it. It's only less work if you just scan and post the textbook, and then ignore the flood of emails from your students.

Red Rocks Rockin|12.21.10 @ 11:30PM|#

Have to agree with you here. All this "technology will save us" shit is a bit too Tom Friedman-esque. I commented in the other school-related thread today about how people are actually dumb enough to think a smartboard is a more effective tool for education than a blackboard and chalk. It's not, it just looks cooler and makes the parents feel they are sending their sub-literate spawn to "cutting-edge" schools.

Founding Father|12.22.10 @ 12:01PM|#

Ow, my balls!!

Invisible Finger|12.21.10 @ 4:53PM|#

Kind of hard to take Moe seriously when the compulsory nature of education is not mentioned. If one cannot opt out, any system will be corrupt.

Ralp|12.21.10 @ 5:54PM|#

In fact, LIO Libertarians and others have been leading the way while scholars theorize: http://www.libertarianinternat.....ol-boards-

|12.21.10 @ 6:44PM|#

SOUNDS LIKE A VERY GOOD THING.

|12.21.10 @ 8:17PM|#

"If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be." Thomas Jefferson
Although I agree with the general notion of non-compulsion, I fear for the future of our republic (small r) if the education of the little fuckers is left in the hands of their parents.

Floccina|12.22.10 @ 2:05PM|#

K–12 crisis, many Americans are newly focused on the negative impact teachers unions are having on student performance. Terry M. Moe has been considering the problem for more than two decades now.

Ha the only crisis here is how much money we spend on it.

The USA does fine:

PISA Scores Show Demography Is Destiny In Education Too—But Washington Doesn’t Want You To Know
http://www.vdare.com/sailer/101219_pisa.htm

|12.23.10 @ 1:11AM|#

Teachers on site with the kids....hmmmmm. Computers acting as babysitters...not. Where will we house the students during mommy and daddy's work time if not w/babysitter-teachers.

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jandjfox|1.8.11 @ 5:17PM|#

Terry Moe is wasting his time. There is no technological silver bullet for this monster. He's factually wrong. Technology DID compete with live theater and concerts. It's called film, recordings and TV. The Broadway labor unions still exist today strangling theaters with their rules and raising prices to the point that only the very wealthy can afford. Many newspapers folded due to union rules that kept people on the job despite technology that could do their jobs better. Finally, he's behind the times. Kindergartners and first graders (at least) use interactive programs to learn to read and do math here in Florida. That's had zero impact on the unions and retarded the ability of the kids to communicate with each other and their teachers. I think maybe that the silver bullet is doing away with degrees in "education" and schools of education. Every person who wants to be a teacher should have an undergraduate college degree in a "real" subject area. The union is a natural outgrowth of the college of education.

Bruno Behrend|3.28.11 @ 2:00PM|#

There are plenty of silver bullets brought forth by the think tanks. Sadly, no one at the think tanks has a gun to shoot them.

They show up at policy events with white papers while the oppositions shows up at the legislators office with campaign checks.

The lefts donors fund fiery candidates, the right's fund a lame and frightened Republican party too cowardly to attack the system.

The left funds unions to march and the right funds think tanks for more white papers.

Enter the Parent Trigger, a progressive device to organize parents around reform.

If vouchers, charters and digital learning are silver bullets, the parent trigger is the gun.

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