Cathy Young | February 27, 2009
As media giants totter, battered by the Internet and the economic crisis, saving the newspapers has become a hot topic. It is richly ironic that the Net, which has both greatly facilitated the work of journalists and expanded their readership, has also left many unemployed. There are concerns that the death of journalism as we know it will leave our culture ill-informed—blogs are good for opinion and fact-checking, but they are no substitute for original reporting—and endanger democracy by removing a vital part of its checks and balances.
The debate revolves around two key questions. One, does society truly need the professional media? Two, how can professional journalism survive in a new media environment?
On the first question, my answer is a resounding, though possibly self-serving "yes." While I am a fan of blogs, I believe they work best when the "mainstream media" and the blogs complement each other. Otherwise, the blogosphere is all too liable to disintegrate into shrill partisan screaming and irresponsible rumor-mongering.
The responsible media do have a vital role to play in a democracy. However, the mainstream media's defenders would do well to acknowledge some of their failings. A recent editorial in The New Republic laments that "press-bashing"—whether from right-wing media critics such as former CBS correspondent Bernard Goldberg, or leftists on the Huffington Post site who accuse the media of conformism—has created a "poisonous atmosphere," undermining the authority of the press.
But what if the critiques have merit? Goldberg's anti-media broadsides may be over the top, but his basic argument—that the liberal politics of most journalists influence media coverage, not because journalists don't strive to be objective but because their cultural milieu influences their perceptions of objectivity—has a great deal of truth to it. Few people doubt that Barack Obama got breaks from the press. And there are well-documented instances of media bias leading to sloppy reporting, with journalists all but recycling the press releases of advocacy groups on such issues as domestic violence, homelessness, or the perils of gun ownership. The press has been the target of unfair criticism, but it cannot be absolved of blame for the damage to its reputation.
That said, the media's present financial woes have little to do with its real or perceived lack of balance, and everything to do with the economics of publishing. News corporations have always subsidized serious reporting and commentary with revenues from other functions of the newspapers, such as classified advertising or sports news. Today, most of those functions have been diverted to other media, including the Internet.
Promising solutions include non-profit programs to support investigative reporting and news analysis. Just because we need professional journalism does not mean that it has to come only in the traditional package of the newspaper. Independent journalists, working as individuals or as teams, may thrive if they can have access to resources outside the conventional structure of a media organization.
Far more controversial is the quest to get readers to pay for online content. In fact, there is no good reason that online content should be free, other than "people are used to it." Is it impossible to persuade people to pay for something they are used to getting for free? Not at all. Online music downloads are a good example; so is television. While TV had been free since its inception, large numbers of people proved willing to pay for cable and digital television.
A subscriber-only model for individual websites has repeatedly proven unworkable. (The Wall Street Journal—a notable exception—gets people to pay for financial information while providing most editorial content free of charge.) The main reason it cannot work is that people who read news and commentary on the Internet usually get their content from many different sites. That is the great advantage of the Internet: you can go from The Washington Post to The London Times at the click of a mouse, and follow a link within one story to read another. If every news site started hiding its content behind a pay wall, reader would face either huge bills or greatly restricted choices, and many would seek to circumvent the subscription requirements.
Walter Isaacson, former managing editor of Time, recently got into the fray with a proposal to make web media content available for micropayments similar to iTunes, "a one-click system with a really simple interface." If you see a link to an interesting article on, say, the San Jose Mercury News website, you don't have to buy a $20 subscription to the publication—you can pay a nickel or a dime to read the individual item.
While this is a promising idea, it has substantial drawbacks. Those nickels and dimes can add up, and if your monthly bill is high enough, you may think twice the next time you feel like clicking on a link.
A better approach may be to make news and analysis content available only through media portals or carriers, similar to cable television providers. A subscription to a carrier would give access to any news site (newspaper, magazine, blog) that is a part of its package. The subscription price could be set by level of consumption—$20 a month for 40 hours of media access, $40 for 100 hours, and so on. Or it could vary depending on which publications are included, while content outside the customer's standard package could be available for one-time micropayments. Different media portals could experiment with different fee scales. This would allow people to surf the Web without having to ponder each click of a link. Revenues could be distributed to individual websites depending on their readership.
This strategy would still require a drastic departure from Internet business as usual. The migration of participating sites behind media-portal walls would have to be coordinated. Some policing would be needed to ensure that premium content is not reposted on free-access sites. This could make the carriers look like bad guys, at least in the eyes of those for whom free online content has become an entitlement if not an article of faith.
Yet, if there is a will to adopt the media-portal subscription model, there will be a way. Even in the age of celebrity gossip sites and reality shows, millions of Americans still respect real journalism enough to be willing to pay to help keep it alive.
Provided, of course, that the media work harder to deserve and retain that respect.
Cathy Young is a contributing editor at Reason magazine. This article originally appeared at Real Clear Politics.
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I think it is more likely that certain national papers will get subsidized to continue their current shrilling for whichever party they shrill for, while local dailies will shrink to the size of a school newspaper.
I think that if the traditional media got its act together and
stopped its own "shrill partisan screaming" they'd be enjoying
readership again. As it is, the traditional media has degenerated
into left vs. right and fact checking seems to have gone out the
window.
This is a market pressure for the MSM. Adapt and survive, keep
printing partisan hackery and fail.
Good night, and good luck.
Here's a business model: scrap the presses, sell the huge building housing the presses, fire the unionized pressmen, and give away a free ebook reader with every newspaper subscription. Would it work?
I think that if the traditional media got its act together
and stopped its own "shrill partisan screaming" they'd be enjoying
readership again
I'm not sure of that. Sure, the snotty, condescending left-wing
preaching that pervades papers like the NYT and the WP has driven a
lot of readers away, but the main factors behind their demise are
simple economics: hard copy doesn't make a lot of sense in the age
of the internet, and their de facto monopolies are crumbling.
-jcr
I don't think that lack of objectivity is the media's problem. Unfortunately, quality, accuracy and, in particular, objectivity aren't valued by enough people to make a difference. In fact, I think that "objectivity" is a net drawback for most people, who generally like to hear only assertions that support their own viewpoints. See, for example, Fox News, MSNBC, etc.
John C. Randolph-It's not that hard copies don't make sense, per
se, that's the problem.
The main problem, when you sort through all the BS, is Craigslist
(and Ebay and Monster.com and...). Classified advertising is way,
way down. Now, newspaper sales are down as well, but not as
dramatically as classified ad revenue. And those ads aren't
disappearing, they are just going to websites that the newspapers
don't control.
So newspapers have to be more efficient if they want to survive.
The most efficient method, I think, would be a national newspaper
with local subsidaries. And I don't mean USA Today. If I had a
billion dollars, I would buy out every failing newspaper in the
country. Fire everybody but the local reporters.
That is, most newspapers of any size don't just use wire reports,
but they have national and international reporters of their own, as
well as people at places like the state capital. When a sports team
plays an away game, their sports reporter goes with the team.
This national newspaper would do away with that. When the Dodgers
play the Mets in New York, instead of the sports reporter from Los
Angeles flying to New York to write a story, the local New York guy
would file the same story that appeared in the New York version of
the paper. When there was news in Sacremento about the California
state budget or whatever, it would be somebody from the Sacremento
paper that would file the story, not somebody specific from the LA
paper. The stories could be slightly rewritten for each market, but
it would be basically the same story in each.
So, you basically would have the USA Today with an in depth local
section as well. High quality at low cost.
I hate to agree with Lonewacko about anything, ever, but he has
a point when he says that politicians don't have to answer hard
questions.
President Bush (or someone in his administration) stated recently
that in press conferences they avoided "unsafe" reporters. They can
only get away with that because of the large troupe of fellatio
reporters who uncritically swallow everything they're given.
The Rocky Mountain News went tits up today. I liked it
better than the Denver post.
For what that's worth.
I hate to agree with Lonewacko about anything, ever, but he
has a point when he says that politicians don't have to answer hard
questions.
Yeah, but when your mind thinks of "hard questions" it thinks of
actual hard questions in your mind. Lonewacko's mind thinks of
inane questions.
Most professional reporters are overpaid. There are tons &
tons of people with the ability and the inclination to perform that
job for less money. Blogs prove this.
People are not willing to pay a hefty premium for a marginal
improvement in journalistic quality.
Mike - Yeah, that's one of the reasons why I hate to agree with
him on anything. Even when he's right, he's wrong.
I'd make fun of the "in my mind" thing, but I'm prone to repeat
myself when I use repetitive repetition, too.
Mike Laursen:
"Here's a business model: scrap the presses, sell the huge building housing the presses, fire the unionized pressmen, and give away a free ebook reader with every newspaper subscription. Would it work?"
Hearst Planning Electronic Reader Alternative To
Kindle: Analysts suggest such a device would help
the news publisher find an answer to reverse shrinking subscriber
bases, as well as revenue losses from publications.
C'mon Cathy. Pay per truth? Those of us that really work at
reading the news, are vastly out numbered by those who just want
entertainment.
I don't know where this is all headed. But I would accept some sort
of "data central". I would also endorse a prison sentence for
anyone, who in any way, posts less than the truth, as they know
it.
I am truly sorry that print journalists are losing jobs, I hate
that anyone at all is losing a job. But then, I suspect that a
nation able to type truth into a "data central", might not have to
look so far and wide for truth, and the undisclosed.
I am not endorsing a "data central". Three of them might be a lot
better. As reporters dwindle in numbers, now is the time to decide
how they will be replaced. The trend is here, now.
Ponders:
"I would also endorse a prison sentence for anyone, who in any way, posts less than the truth, as they know it."
The truth to be determined by the Ministry
of Truth
Ponders, that is an awesome parody of an Obama supporter. Do you have a blog?
cuernimus, I think you have it exactly backwards.
The major dailies will die. The parties don't need them to
indoctrinate the sheeple, so why would the political parasites give
them money to stay alive?
On the other hand, the one thing the AlGore doesn't do well is
cover local news. You can find a thousand websites discussing the
spring lineup of the Yankees, the undergarments of Britney Spears,
or President St. Obama's nomination gaffes, but rarely can you find
a website that covers the local town council, sports, and charity
efforts. All things that form the backbone of thriving local
papers.
Local papers are a flyer delivery system, in the same way soda pop
is a sugar delivery system. Locals are thriving.
The majors, denuded of their classified ads, stripped of their
national advertising and emptied of their flyers, are knocking on
death's door. The bits of text the major dailies used to fill the
spaces around the ads could be printed by a single national
newspaper, and spread via the Internet.
Watch Canada. This phenomenon will play out up here very soon.
islander,
Much of what you say makes sense.
If you use the inane, trite, and just fuckwad stupid term sheeple
in a post again I won't be typing so complimentary and graceful
response.
That goes for everybody who uses the term. If you can't be clever,
using unimaninative, idiotic terms like "sheeple" is not an
acceptable substitute.
Yea, sheep probably have less of herd mentality than that of the NYTimes parroters and their followers.
Any successful news strategy is going to have to just accept "news piracy" (is anyone using that term yet?) as part of reality because it's not going away. I am not going to pay for news, period. I'll get my news articles copy/pasted somewhere else if I have to but I'm not giving them money.
Geotpf: "This national newspaper would do away with that.
When the Dodgers play the Mets in New York, instead of the sports
reporter from Los Angeles flying to New York to write a story, the
local New York guy would file the same story that appeared in the
New York version of the paper."
Ugh, no please. It's bad enough to have to read the beat reporter
fellating the local team, let alone having to read the local guy
fellating the other team when "my" team is playing away.
islander: "...rarely can you find a website that covers the
local town council, sports, and charity efforts. All things that
form the backbone of thriving local papers."
And when you do... well, just ask the guy who writes Free Whitewater what happens
then.
The migration of participating sites behind media-portal walls would have to be coordinated. Some policing would be needed to ensure that premium content is not reposted on free-access sites.
Frankly, this is a terrible idea. I mean, it's just awful. You're
proposing trying to slap DRM on the most easily copied media in
existence when it doesn't even work on the ones that are moderately
difficult to copy. Doubt it? Ask the porn industry. You'd go
bankrupt on enforcement expenses.
Subscription models are not going to work; the only reason they
*do* work for the porn industry is the whole heat-of-the-moment
thing. Nobody gets hot and bothered enough about journalism to
click that 'Subscribe Now' button. At least, nobody that I know.
Especially not when ten thousand blogs will be parroting any given
story, but with added value, within a day and for free.
I also seriously doubt that journalists will be out of jobs. The
basic skill set of journalism - digging up pertinent facts and
delivering them in clear, concise and easily digestible formats -
is going to see a boom in the coming years, not a decline. It's
easily adaptable to one of the most pressing needs in online
content delivery. That may not be well known outside the web
development industry, but professional copywriting is one of the
fastest growing niches in the field. Just about every other article
in major industry magazines like http://www.alistapart.com is about
how to write and organize content. Neither web designers nor
programmers have the skills and they're absolutely critical to the
products we create.
It could be that the future journalist funds himself by keeping a
day job in technical writing, copy editing, or web content
strategy. It may be that future major web development firms and
content creators maintain journalists the way today's big media
does and for roughly the same reasons. Or it may be that journalism
manages to become a profitable industry of its own accord again by
repairing its reputation and exceeding expectations in the quality
and quantity of valuable news it delivers (hah).
I also seriously doubt that journalists will be out of jobs.
The basic skill set of journalism - digging up pertinent facts and
delivering them in clear, concise and easily digestible formats -
is going to see a boom in the coming years, not a
decline.
I'd like to believe so, but I don't see how. The problem with
online news is that there's no way thus far to make actual money
from it.
I work for a local daily, and I'm very lucky to have my job; the
paper almost was shut down a couple months ago, but a buyer stepped
in at the last minute. Will I still be employed a month or a year
from now? I hope so, but there's no way to be sure.
I would also endorse a prison sentence for anyone, who in
any way, posts less than the truth, as they know it.
Fuck you.
Oops, that's too brief, isn't it? Ok then: fuck you for presuming
to apply the power of the state to decide how to edit a news story.
Who's to decide what details are relevant?
-jcr
Subscription models are not going to work; the only reason
they *do* work for the porn industry
Do they work for the porn industry? Seems to me that it's an
awfully crowded market, and taking a look at Playboy's stock price
lately, it sure looks like they're still figuring out how to make
money.
-jcr
You know, they already tried aggregating content in monthly
subscription services that paid shares to the content providers.
They were called things like "Prodigy" and "America Online".
News is facts. Facts can't be copyrighted. If all current news
outlets migrated behind a pay wall, all that would happen is that
you'd wind up with news regurgitation sites. The staff of such
sites would read the stories, rewrite the stories, and post them on
the site, no copyright violation. Operating costs would be a
fraction of those for the original reporting companies.
I'd like to believe so, but I don't see how. The problem with online news is that there's no way thus far to make actual money from it.
I work for a local daily, and I'm very lucky to have my job; the paper almost was shut down a couple months ago, but a buyer stepped in at the last minute. Will I still be employed a month or a year from now? I hope so, but there's no way to be sure.
Revenue models will emerge as the market shifts. There was no way
to make money anywhere on the internet in 1994, but 15 years later
millions of people have jobs and brand new ways of doing business
have evolved. If you told musicians 100 years ago that their modern
analogues would be concerned with performing their music a handful
of times in a tiny room somewhere entirely separated from any
audience they'd have told you there was no way any musician could
ever survive in that environment. This is not different. The doom
and gloom stuff needs to go away.
Things will probably change on both ends - advertising will become
more profitable, readership will increase, and expenses and
inefficiency will decrease. News organizations will find a balance,
and probably other ways of making money besides advertising
profits, gradually as things progress. The only way this won't
happen, the surest way to destroy journalism or any other industry,
is to panic and try to freeze it in yesterday's paradigm for fear
of tomorrow's.
@John, re porn:
Another example of an old organization trying and mostly failing to
adapt to a new paradigm. I was referring more to the 'new media
porn' that has exploded thanks to the internet. I don't know too
much about how Playboy operates on the internet, but I do know
whatever they tried isn't working terribly well. Top-down big media
behemoths are going to have a hard time in general. They're adapted
to a different environment and, like the dinosaurs, their
incredible mass has become a liability in a new world full of
small, agile competition.
That's perfectly okay though; the critical thing to remember is
that businesses die and it's not a bad thing. The people don't
vanish into some permanently unemployed limbo state, or cease to
exist; they find new ways to use their skills and build new
businesses. This is good for us, this is healthy. We should be
excited at the prospect.
The staff of such sites would read the stories, rewrite the
stories, and post them on the site, no copyright violation.
Operating costs would be a fraction of those for the original
reporting companies.
Until the original reporting companies go under. What will the
rewrite staff do then?
If you told musicians 100 years ago that their modern analogues
would be concerned with performing their music a handful of times
in a tiny room somewhere entirely separated from any audience
they'd have told you there was no way any musician could ever
survive in that environment.
Until you explained how recording technology would change.
That said, the main problem I see facing papers isn't even the
antiquated business model; there are plenty of local papers that
are doing fine, in that they make enough money to pay bills and
even turn a profit. Problem is, they're not making enough to do all
that AND pay off the monster debt loads racked up by their
corporate parent companies.
Until you explained how recording technology would change.
Well exactly, that's the point. From where we stand we don't know
exactly how it will work, we just know what the environment is
going to look like more or less. These giant parent companies with
all their debt probably will go bankrupt. This is nothing to panic
about. They'll liquidate their assets and sell off these subsidiary
companies to cover their debts. The ones that are turning a profit
will be bought by other parent companies, or maybe by local
investors. Assets don't disappear when companies go out of
business, especially not the assets with proven value. They just
get churned out to other companies for other purposes. Sure there's
some loss - a lot of the big old printing presses and other
antiquated equipment will eventually end up rusting away or melted
down for raw materials, and the people who operate them will have
to find new jobs doing other things. By and large, life will go on
and business models will change and we'll all still be reading,
listening to and watching the news for as long as we keep caring
about what's happening outside our personal range of perception -
which is to say, forever.
Cathy Young: "On the first question, [does society need a
professional media] my answer is a...possibly self-serving 'yes.'
While I am a fan of blogs, I believe they work best when the
'mainstream media' and the blogs complement each other. Otherwise,
the blogosphere is all too liable to disintegrate into shrill
partisan screaming and irresponsible rumor-mongering."
"Possibly" self-serving? Try, definitely self-serving.
And re the "...screaming and irresponsible rumor-mongering...", are
you certain you are thinking of the blogs or to so-called
"professional" "news" "reporters"?
By the way, who is this "society" person that hang-wringers love to
prop up. I'd like to meet him. "Society" is always needing
something, and somebody is always telling me what I should do for
him.
After this clumsy opening, you then follow up then with a set of
solutions in search of a problem.
Micro pay cannot save the newspapers. It might save the writers,
but not the newspapers. Infact it may accelerate the decline as
individual writers can get income without any connection to the new
york times, or whatever.
The other problem is why save corrupt institutions with crummy
writing? They no longer show any interest in the news. They don't
even do crime reporting anymore. The sports reporting sucks too,
but that might be because the teams suck, oh I miss Micheal
Jordan.
Justen wrote:
"If you told musicians 100 years ago that their modern analogues
would be concerned with performing their music a handful of times
in a tiny room somewhere entirely separated from any audience
they'd have told you there was no way any musician could ever
survive in that environment. This is not different. The doom and
gloom stuff needs to go away."
Most musicians have not survived. Decades ago there were far more
jobs for ordinary, non-famous musicians in things like nightclubs
and orchestras. High fidelity recording and music downloading have
greatly reduced the demand for professional musicians and symphony
orchestras. Especially in classical music, improved recording
techniques mean that young musicians have to compete with world
famous performers who died decades ago. There are, for example,
dozens of recordings of each of Beethoven's works. The market is
saturated. A hundred years ago and even 50 years ago, each new
generation of musicians could make a good living playing
Beethoven's works after their older colleagues retired.
Bring on the gloom and doom stuff. Sometimes, technology takes jobs
away and does not create new jobs in their place. Music is a good
example, and newspapers probably are too.
Geotpf is correct that Craigslist and other free, on-line
classified services are the main cause of declining newspaper
revenue. The problem has nothing to do with readers getting upset
about reporters' and editors' ideology.
Technology, per se, did not take away anybody's job. Technology
is simply the means to perform a task.
If one wishes to get paid, he competes in the marketplace.
Utilizing a particular music-related technology is one way to get
paid. Using the sidewalk, your trumpet, and a collection cup is
another way.
Further, what evidence is there that "decades ago there were far
more jobs .... in orchestras and nightclubs"? What are the metrics,
the specific numbers, the sales, the figures, the venues...?
The employment of technology within media, arts, and life, has
proven opportunity galore for all those in the stated domains. And
it can be used, or ignored. If ignored, then who or what exactly is
taking away the job?
This sounds like a semantic quibble, but I believe the distinction
is important.
AV wrote:
"Technology, per se, did not take away anybody's job. Technology is
simply the means to perform a task."
This sounds a little like the assertion that guns don't kill people
etc. Yes, "technology" on its own has no effect, but the way people
have made use of high fidelity music recording has resulted in a
large reduction of employment in the music business.
"Using the sidewalk, your trumpet, and a collection cup is another
way."
This is not a viable way to make a living or support a family. Very
few people are willing to make that kind of sacrifice for the sake
of art, so if that is one of the few alternatives, the art of
classical music will die. Or it will exist mainly in recordings,
with a few highly paid professionals, kind of like the "living
treasures" who "keep Japan's most precious creative traditions
alive." As Robert Smith remarked, when the Japanese government
designates a person a living treasure that tells you the craft is
dead and the person soon will be too.
"Further, what evidence is there that 'decades ago there were far
more jobs .... in orchestras and nightclubs?' What are the metrics,
the specific numbers, the sales, the figures, the venues...?"
See T. Page, "A Sour Note. With a few exceptions. the future for
classical recordings looks bleak," Washington Post, June 24, 1996.
There are many others sources.
Perhaps this is mainly true of classical music. I do not follow
trends in popular music. If popular music goes extinct that would
be a blessing, in my opinion.
My paper just announced layoffs. 21 percent of editorial staff
(45 positions).
We'll find out at 7 a.m. tomorrow who stays and who goes.
@Jed: that is mainly true of classical music. Classical/symphonic music's big problem is a decline in demand - not just because of recordings, but because of lack of interest in the genre and the expense of organizing and attending events. As for other types of live musical performance, this is a result of a change in culture, not technology. Your average club these days does not hire a pianist and a vocalist or anything else you'd picture finding in a nightclub in decades past, it hires a live band or a DJ who mixes house music. For better or for worse, that's what people want. Anyway this really isn't the place to talk about it, I guess, so I'll lay off.
Justen wrote:
"As for other types of live musical performance, this is a result
of a change in culture, not technology. Your average club these
days . . . hires a live band or a DJ who mixes house music."
My point is that in the past, they would not have had the option of
"mixing house music." This may be culture, as you say, but
technology has enabled it. Technology has given us alternatives to
live music, and this has reduced employment opportunities for
musicians because there is a limited market for music. It is not as
if we can increase consumption of music by a factor of 3 by
listening to 3 songs simultaneously. (Although I gather that's what
"mixing" means, so maybe we can?)
I favor technology even when it produces unhappy result such as
reduced employment; people "mixing" crass cacophony in bars; or the
destruction of local newspapers. I favor it, but I do not think we
should have Panglossian illusions that progress is always good for
everyone.
editorialstaff net notes: With 97% of the MSM pouring their hearts and minds into the destruction of Liberty on planet earth, ridding the earth of their liberal fish wrappers is good riddance. The MSM was never factually main stream. They are 97% liberal water carriers for the disloyal Defeatocrat Majority, now engaged with the God-President the liberal press elected, in killing Pax American Coalition fighting men and women, in the GWOT, with their support of the enemy, which includes the disloyal majority. Nothing could be more poetically just than the end of employment, for those 97% of paid writers and TV's talking heads who want the end of liberty, for all the rest of us. The few reputable journalists who have not parked the tenets of journalism outside the editorial offices of their enemy publications, can continue to inform us, by printing both sides of any issue, without killing all the trees in the world, and burdening the obsolete US Mail service, and our land fills, with those killed trees, and the poison inks that burned my eyes within seconds of opening the printed pages, and led me to cancel every subscription to every snail mailed publication. Like buggy whips, and the land line telephone that got me a half dozen calls, every day, during my evening meal, enough. My cell phone has gotten less than one unwelcome call per year, at a saving of about half it's total cell phone cost. Join the world, newspapers are history, and 97 percent of them richly deserved to be out of business. The decent ones will adapt, and reach their customers.
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