N.Y. City Antidiscrimination Law Doesn't Apply to Plaintiffs or Events Unconnected With N.Y.,
and more from the "The Most Gullible Man in Cambridge" lawsuit.
From Hay v. N.Y. Media LLC, decided yesterday by the Second Circuit (Judges John Walker, Pierre Leval & Michael Park):
Bruce Hay, a civil procedure professor at Harvard Law School, appeals the denial of his request for leave to file a second amended complaint ("SAC") in his lawsuit against Kera Bolonik and her former employer, New York Media LLC …. The allegations in the SAC center on a July 2019 article—published in print in New York Magazine and online in The Cut—in which Bolonik wrote of Hay's tumultuous relationship with married couple Maria-Pia Shuman and Mischa Shuman ….
The article described the relationship between a "spellbound" Hay and the Shumans, who cycled between flattery and romantic affection toward Hay, at certain times, and harassment of him and his family, at others. The article recounts that the Shumans, for example, deceived Hay into believing that he fathered Maria-Pia's child, filed retaliatory rape and sexual harassment allegations against Hay in a Title IX complaint at Harvard, and manufactured a fraudulent lease in order to take possession of the Hay family's home. According to the article, Hay "entertain[ed] doubts" about the Shumans and on several occasions contacted law enforcement, but he "still sought ways to justify, or at least make sense of, [the Shumans'] campaign against him, searching in earnest for evidence of genuine affection amid the years of deceit."
Hay approached Bolonik in the summer of 2018 and told her "that he believed he and several other men had been victimized by the Shumans." Bolonik published an article titled The Most Gullible Man in Cambridge on July 22, 2019, and—upon receiving further stories of similar interactions with the Shumans from other people—another article titled The Harvard Professor Scam Gets Even Weirder on August 8, 2019. After publication, Hay "promote[d] the article and defend[ed] it from legal attacks," and he even assisted Bolonik in writing a letter "negat[ing]" the Shumans' defamation claims against the author. Hay further agreed to solicit bids to convert the articles into a movie or TV series.
Hay has since had "a change of heart." Although his SAC does not dispute that the Shumans falsely claimed his paternity of Maria-Pia's child, that the sexual assault allegations against him were fabricated, or that the Shumans fraudulently created a lease to his home, Hay objects to the way in which Bolonik characterized the Shumans. Whereas he once believed that he was a victim of a "campaign of fraud, extortion, and false accusations"—and so sued the Shumans and reported them to law enforcement—he now believes that the articles rely on a "salacious fictional portrayal of the Shumans as sexually deviant predators and Plaintiff as their clueless, gullible victim."
His complaint states that the Shumans were "victims of a campaign of lies directed at them, fueled … by prejudice" against Maria-Pia for "reject[ing] traditional notions of feminine passivity in relationships" and against Mischa for being "a transgender woman of color." Among other about-faces, Hay has retracted a claim that the Shumans made unauthorized withdrawals from his bank account—recalling now that he had in fact authorized the withdrawals. Hay has also dropped his lawsuit against the Shumans and requested that New York Media take down the two articles. Hay now says that it was Bolonik, not the Shumans, who "deceived and manipulated" Hay by turning him against the Shumans to facilitate publication of the article.
Proceeding pro se, Hay [sued] …., alleging breach of contract and violation of the New York City Human Rights Law ("NYCHRL"). As to the breach of contract claim, Hay contends that he entered an oral contract with Bolonik in which she made certain promises of professionalism in exchange for his willingness to come forward with the story. Bolonik allegedly breached those promises through "reliance on a single whistleblower, inadequate planning and research, failure to adhere to accepted standards of accuracy and evidence, … [and] failure to cross-check her preferred narrative against other sources," among other missteps.
As for the NYCHRL claim, Hay alleges multiple incidents of sexual harassment by Bolonik, the details of which Hay first includes in his proposed SAC. {Hay originally also brought a defamation claim, which he drops in his proposed SAC.}
Hay moved for leave to file the SAC, and the district court denied Hay's motion as futile. Hay, now represented by counsel, appealed the court's decision….
First, … [i]t is evident from the face of the SAC that the alleged oral agreement between Hay, Bolonik, and New York Media is void under … New York's Statute of Frauds …: "Every agreement, promise or undertaking is void, unless it or some note or memorandum thereof be in writing, and subscribed by the party to be charged therewith, or by his lawful agent, if such agreement, promise or undertaking … [b]y its terms is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof …,"
Under the Statute of Frauds, an oral agreement is not enforceable if it contains terms that bind a party indefinitely. See, e.g., Myers v. Waverly Fabrics (1st Dep't 1984) (finding that the Statute of Frauds applies to a contract whereby one party was "prevented, in perpetuity, from using the [other party's] design in any manner except on fabric or on wallpaper").
Here, Hay alleges that, in consideration for Bolonik's promise that her reporting would be "professional" in that "she would bring to bear her experience … to ensure that the story was up to the customary ethical standards of long-form investigative journalism," Hay "agreed to cease communications with the [New York] Times and other media outlets about the story and to work exclusively with Bolonik and New York Magazine." Even drawing all reasonable inferences in Hay's favor, his promise to work exclusively with Bolonik and New York Magazine would bind him permanently.
Nothing in the SAC suggests that Hay's obligation to refrain from working with other media outlets on the same story would terminate upon publication of Bolonik's article, or upon any other event. There is no basis on which to conclude that Hay was free upon publication of Bolonik's story to work with other publications on competing or other versions of the story. As a result, Hay's alleged contract with Bolonik and New York Media is void under the Statute of Frauds, and the SAC therefore fails to state a claim for breach of contract.
Second, the district court correctly dismissed Hay's NYCHRL claim. Hay's cause of action is precluded by Hoffman v. Parade Publications (N.Y. 2010), in which the New York Court of Appeals rejected an NYCHRL claim by a Georgia resident because the case involved no "impact within" New York City.
Hay, a Cambridge, Massachusetts resident, does not contend that any of the alleged events took place when he was inside city limits or that this suit otherwise involves his employment within New York City. There was thus no "impact" of any alleged violations within New York City, and considering Hay's claim would impermissibly "expand[ ] NYCHRL protections to nonresidents who have, at most, tangential contacts with the city."