War

9/11 Turbocharged America's Worst Foreign Policy Impulses—but Didn't Change Its Direction

The United States' shift toward aggressive interventionism was well underway before the 2001 attacks.

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An illustration of George W. Bush holding an American flag in front of the Twin Towers | Illustration: Midjourney
(Illustration: Midjourney)

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Emma Ashford, a senior fellow in the Reimagining U.S. Grand Strategy program at the Stimson Center, is the author of First Among Equals: U.S. Foreign Policy in a Multipolar World.