Jacob Sullum | April 26, 2007
A new study by researchers at Duke University finds that fat people are more prone to workplace injuries than their svelte co-workers. The researchers divided nearly 12,000 employees of Duke and its health care system into five groups based on body-mass index (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). The fatter the employees were, the more workers' compensation claims they filed, the more the claims cost, and the more days of work they missed. The employees in the highest BMI group (40 or more) filed workers' compensation claims twice as often as the employees in the "recommended weight" group (with BMIs from 18.5 to 24.9); the medical costs for their claims were nearly seven times as high; and they missed 13 times as many workdays. The ratios for the merely "overweight" (with BMIs from 25 to 29.9) were less dramatic: 1.2, 1.8, and 4.2, respectively.
While the associations between BMI and some chronic diseases may be largely due to the poor diet and inadequate exercise that tend to accompany obesity rather than excess weight per se, it seems plausible that extra pounds would make mishaps more likely and injuries more severe. According to the study, "The claims most strongly affected by BMI were related to the following: lower extremity, wrist or hand, and back (body part affected); pain or inflammation, sprain or strain, and contusion or bruise (nature of the illness or injury); and falls or slips, lifting, and exertion (cause of the illness or injury)." An obesity-related lack of agility may contribute to accidents, while the strain that extra weight puts on joints and muscles could make certain types of injuries more likely and more serious.
The researchers think the connection between obesity and workplace injuries bolsters the case for employer-sponsored fitness programs. The A.P. story about the study prominently features an employment attorney's warning that "employers need to be careful not to view this study as a green light to treat obese or overweight workers differently." Michael Siegel sees a double standard:
You don't hear anyone suggesting that to save health care and workers compensation money, employers fire fat people or stop hiring them in the first place. It simply isn't part of the discourse. The suggestion simply does not arise. No public health groups are suggesting—or would suggest—anything of the sort. The response (and an appropriate one) is to recommend fitness or other programs to help employees control their weight.
Not so with an almost identical problem—off-the-job employee smoking. That problem is also costing employers money in terms of health care costs. However, in contrast to the obesity and overweight problem, many anti-smoking groups are supporting the idea of firing smokers or refusing to hire smokers in order for employers to save money.
While Siegel may be right that no one is explicitly recommending that employers avoid hiring fat people, I'm sure obesity often hurts job applicants' prospects, whether for aesthetic reasons or because it's seen as a mark of poor self-discipline or other undesirable traits. (Here's a summary of the research on weight-based employment discrimination.) Are data-based concerns that fat people will cost more to employ a less objectionable reason for turning them away? Is this worse than refusing to hire smokers?
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I'd argue that fitness programs help everyone: The obese and overweight, by slimming them, and the recommended-weight, by keeping them slim. As long as everyone is equally pressured to take part, no one can claim discrimination.
I'm not sure how to react to this story. Clearly, obesity is a
major health-related expense for employers. Certainly bigger than
illegal drug use (which can lead to firing.) More expensive than
smoking (which is coming to sometimes lead to firing.) Kills more
than alcoholism (which causes job losses, a.k.a. firing.) Loses
more hours than depression and related effects (which leads to
workers getting time off, if available and the insurance covers
care, or else letting go of workers, sometimes known as firing.)
But rather than try to make any important point, I'll write a
shitty poem:
No one is actually born obese,
Unlike, say, being gay.
So go ahead, discriminate!
(It's the American way.)
A new study by researchers at Duke University finds that fat people are more prone to workplace injuries than their svelte co-workers.
We conclude that this is the fault of the white capitalist
patriarchy.
I am acquainted with someone that I occasionally refer to as Death Cloud who certainly fits the bill.
My sister is a worker's comp administrator and the funniest story she ever told was about the fat lady that fell into a manhole on top of an LA DWP worker. Poor sucker's back will never be the same.
...about the fat lady that fell into a manhole on top of an
LA DWP worker
Wasn't that from a Chaplin film? Or maybe the Oblongs.
Can I make a poem, too? How about haiku?
Fatty McFatfat
Gonna cost me too much dough
That human eclipse
"I am acquainted with someone that I occasionally refer to as
Death Cloud who certainly fits the bill."
he must be quite the charming fellow.
Actually, a local radio host in Seattle was advocating
discriminating against fatties just yesterday. He took calls for
about an hour and everyone who called agreed with him, including
several employers who admitted that they don't hire fatsos.
I don't personally own a company, but I do interview people all the
time, and I never recommend hiring fat people. I don't care about
the costs, I just care about what it says about thier
personality...
I don't care about the costs, I just care about what it says about thier personality...
as opposed to wafer-thin airheads like Nicole Richie?
As a person of pudge, I am familiar firsthand with the workplace
injuries that are much more likely to happen to heavier people,
e.g.:
- Falling down and scuffing kneecaps when staircase collapses under
one's weight.
- Stress fractures in bones of hand, fingers, from beating on
vending machine in an attempt to make the stuck bag of M&Ms
fall.
- Accidentally putting staples in fingers while stapling papers
together because one cannot actually what one is doing over the
vast curving horizon of one's own belly.
- Rug-burned lips from attempts to hoover-up fallen crumbs of food
from office carpet after lunch.
- Ass-splinters from broken furniture.
- Getting lashed across the face when elevator cable snaps from the
strain.
- Etc.
Don't know what field you're in, but when it comes to software, the innovators (Gates, Wozniak, Torvalds) tend to be the pudgy, pasty dishevelled types. Besides the execs, the only people who look presentable are the marketing and legal departments. And, in my experience, attractive programmers tend to be guys straight out of College who can't code a damn.
Actually, I work for Bill Gates... I'm not sure why you would
decribe him as "pudgy". He's not fat at all, and never has been -
he was a tall, skinny geek, just like all the other programmers at
Microsoft. Linus Torvals is also definitely not fat. Really, I
don't know what the hell you're talking about.
Sure, there are a few obese people working here, but they tend to
work in IT or testing. Programmers are all skinny dorks.
Could the double-standard arise from the different degrees of
impact each type of offender imposes on his immediate social
environment? Innocent suffering derived from second-hand fat is
easier to avoid than that from second-hand smoke, and thus even
addictive overeating more likely to be reflexively
culturally/esthetically viewed as a "that's his problem" condition
than polluting the common air. The boundaries of your liberty to
swing your lungs intersect with mine more intimately than the
boundaries of your liberty to swing your epidermis.
Add to that the statistically greater prevalence of obesity than
tobaccoity, and you at least seem (n.b.: "seem") to be comparing if
not apples and oranges, crab-apples and lady-apples.
I think the important thing is that we're all agreed that the best programmers are weird looking people.
"Innocent suffering derived from second-hand fat is easier to
avoid than that from second-hand smoke"
Have you ever sat in the center seat in coach, between two
girthickly challengeds?
Tell me that's not suffering from second hand fat.
CB
I wonder if the line "No Fatties" will start appearing in the employment classified ads now, too.
height in meters squared?
Go here. It's easier:
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/
No one questions, of course, why the hell employers are required to pay for health insurance for employees in the first place.
No one questions, of course, why the hell employers are
required to pay for health insurance for employees in the first
place.
Wow. When did that happen?
cb
think of them as human airbags, protecting your skinny ass from the
damage caused by sudden deceleration syndrome
Steveo
lets not forget the panting & wheezing that results from the
mad dash for the last slice, donut, danish, hard candy, etc.
...why the hell employers are required to pay for health
insurance for employees in the first place.
They are?
I think three possibilities not considered by the poster
are:
1. Many of the injuries described are more likely to happen to
people with limited range of motion. It's not because these people
are fat per se, it's because fat people are more likely to be
physically inactive, and are also less likely to know how to
prepare their body for activities that require exertion or
extension.
2. Unfortunately, even a small number of malingerers would be
enough to skew the data here, and perhaps the sort of person who
would be waiting with their fingers crossed for an "injury" that
could get them paid disability is more likely to be fat.
3. This is a reporting issue - physically fit people are less
likely to report minor muscle pain as an "injury", while physically
inactive people perceive any back muscle pain to be a horrific
injury. [Once again, this wouldn't have to be true of ALL fat
people; just enough to skew the data.]
No one questions, of course, why the hell employers are
required to pay for health insurance for employees in the first
place.
It is amazing that on a 'blog like this it takes 20 comments before
the real point comes up.
During periods of wage controls, employers would add non-cash
benefits like this to attract better workers. Over time this became
an expectation of everybody in the market place, in the same sense
that factory rebates on cars are still somewhat expected even
though there is no threat of a price control in the future. The tax
code also gives incentives to pay in non-cash benefits too.
Don't some States now mandate employer sponsored health care? Or
was that just Maryland attacking Wal*Mart?
So, now we have a situation where many employers are paying a
premium for some employees who are more expensive to employ due to
the compensation package structure (the fat people and smokers),
but smokers are more likely to be overtly told they will not be
hired.
Back to Chucklehead's point, and one not stated, if the tax code
were brought into line with paying workers cash instead of all of
these other schemes, then there would be less temptation for the
employer to continue emulating a Socialist model of nanny.
Guy,
If I remember correctly, a lot of this took place in the '40s
during the war as a way to keep 'the war machine' cranking along.
Since wage and price controls were in place, employers had to offer
additional incentives to keep the tanks and aircraft rolling off
the assembly line. It was eventually codified into law.
"...Or was that just Maryland attacking Wal*Mart?"
That was one of the unions attacking Walmart by using their lackeys
in the Maryland legislature.
If I remember correctly, a lot of this took place in the
'40s during the war as a way to keep 'the war machine' cranking
along. Since wage and price controls were in place, employers had
to offer additional incentives to keep the tanks and aircraft
rolling off the assembly line. It was eventually codified into
law.
That was one of the big ones, but it happened to some extent during
all of the other times wage and price controls were in place.
There was a lot of "re titling" of employees during the Nixon era,
plus other non-cash benefits.
To avoid price controls, manufacturers would call things "new",
"improved" and "new and improved". IIRC, the feds responded with
regulations on what was new or improved. Re-naming products and
packaging in different quantities were other methods used by
manufacturers to change the price. All were expensive to do, but
apparently cheaper than selling products at a loss.
What if fat is correlated with depression (which causes the
inactivity and sugar-craving in an attempt to unconsciously
self-medicate), which is correlated with more time off, claims of
injury/pain, and hypersensitivity?
Or they're possibly lazy bastards looking for time off, or maybe
they just totter more. Still I'm betting on my first
hypothesis.
CB - I feel your pain. Unsolicited flight massage is indeed what
comes to mind as an encroachment on Jack Spratt's civil
rights.
But since most people spend more, uh, gross time in the course of
their lives sharing air than sharing hyper-gregarious flesh, I
called it only "easier" to avoid.
Next question: What about dirty looks?
It was eventually codified into law.
I'm not aware of any law requiring employers to offer health
benefits.
There is a big tax incentive to do so, and a (by this time)
immovable market expectation, but no legal requirement. Outside of
whatever "Lets Screw Walmart" laws might be in effect.
Only in America would we create an economic system that encourages people to become fat and then complain about how fat people hurt the economic system.
I will admit that I haven't Ared Tea Eff A, so I don't know if they've corrected for this, but poorer people are much more likely to be obese than wealtheir people, and are also much more likely to be employed at jobs with a higher risk of injury.
It is cheaper to eat badly, lower paid workers do more of the
heavy lifting. The study's authors raise the point that they can't
entirely control for the fact that BMI also tends to coorelate with
education and income, and lower paid lower educated workers tend to
get the grunt work.
I'm always suspect of BMI studies. Wouldn't some very fit employees
also rate at least as overweight by BMI? They would if their
fitness program included weight training.
Dan T - I'm sure there's a way to make money off your insight... How about an economic system that encourages resentful people to express their ideas for material gain? Then they can be fat, resentful, and rich all at once!
Re: Obesity - Wouldn't the poorer folks' bad diet (eating habits
tend to include more inexpensive starches such as potatos and pasta
than the more expensive protein items like meat, which trends them
towards obesity) be offset by the poorer folks' equal likelihood to
be "confined" (held down by the man) to the more physical (as
characterized above) "grunt work", resulting in a leaner, meaner
po' man?
CB
BMI 27.02. I am merely overweight Whoo hoo!
"Only in America would we create an economic system that
encourages people to become fat and then complain about how fat
people hurt the economic system."
The economic system doens't encourage people to become fat; it
allows them the opportunity to become fat. And the economic system
isn't complaining that they are fat. The folks who don't LIKE that
economic system are complaining that some people are fat and that
"something must be done".
CB
Going on a diet.
"Or maybe the Oblongs."
That show is one of the most utterly unfunny television shows to
ever be spewed out of the electron gun of a television.
"Okapi - I don't care about the costs, I just care about what it
says about thier personality..."
Okapi, you are an ass. If you were working for me and hiring based
on your superstitions, your career would be toast.
3. This is a reporting issue - physically fit people are
less likely to report minor muscle pain as an "injury", while
physically inactive people perceive any back muscle pain to be a
horrific injury.
This resonated with me. I, of course, not being the other person
can only speculate as to the extent of their pain, but I can also
imagine how what would otherwise be minor knee pain could be
exacerbated by an extra 70lbs of force pushing down on that
knee.
Cracker's Boy -
I think it's fair to say that our economic system encourages people
to get fat. Subsidizing farming of cheap calories and subsidizing a
car culture are just two ways that we encourage people to get fat.
To better phrase it, they have the economic incentive to get fat
because, at least in the short run, it appears cheaper to do so.
This would not be so much the case if we didn't subsidize cheap
calories, highways, oil, etc.
CB in re Dan T -
Do not agents of our economic system (generally) permit consumers
to reward vendors in direct proportion to sales?
And therefore are not vendors motivated to produce and sell as much
as they can by persuading consumers of the value of the
product?
And, market-share economically trumping altruistic impulses, is the
vendor not therefore materially discouraged from expressing on any
actual, as opposed to professed, convictions concerning the
consumers' best long-term interest?
And do not consumers, and/or those sympathetic to consumers
perceived as vulnerable to rhetorical victimization by vendors,
therefore turn trustingly to state violence and its threat forcibly
to impose limits to the ways in which vendors may defraud
consumers?
And does not the difficulty lie in people of good will agreeing on
what consititues fraud?
And do not some persons hold that the monopoly of the state is in
the best position to commit the greatest fraud?
And do not those persons therefore prefer a plurality of interests
appealing to and addressing consumers' liberty, as more
trustworthy, due to market checks and balances, than a unitary
agent with no competition?
And don't those persons call themselves libertarians?
It is easy to accept the subsidized calories part of your
argument, but the subsidized roads part I don't understand.
Of the road budget, what percentage comes from the general budget
and what percentage comes from taxes based upon fuel consumption?
While not perfect - low mileage vehicles subsidizing high mileage
vehicles - how are road and fuel taxes going to paying for the
roads a subsidy to those that pay the road and fuel taxes?
Whoops, my 11:13am comment is in response to this
statement:
"To better phrase it, they have the economic incentive to get fat
because, at least in the short run, it appears cheaper to do so.
This would not be so much the case if we didn't subsidize cheap
calories, highways, oil, etc.
"
I saw the other day a Taco Bell commercial where they actually
encouraged people to switch from three meals a day to four meals,
with the last one being a late-night Taco Bell greasefest.
But no, our system doesn't encourage people to become fat. No
way.
Reimoose - nothing in capitalism encourages people to get fat. A
business in a capitalistic system certainly encourages a consumer
to consume more of that business' product (or raises its price, if
the supply is limited - VM "Demand Kurv!"), but consuming more, in
that context, doesn't necessarily mean "get fat". And capitalism
certainly isn't supporting subsidies. Those subsidies are
anti-capitalistic. Part again of "someone must do something".
M - Yes
CB
Exactly when did Taco Bell become "our system"? Was it after
they won the Franchise Wars and became the only restaurant?
**BZZZ** Dan T. you are fined one credit for violating the Verbal
Morality Statute. Please remain where you are and await your
reprimand.
I'm sure there's a way to make money off your insight... How
about an economic system that encourages resentful people to
express their ideas for material gain? Then they can be fat,
resentful, and rich all at once!
I believe that field is called "Sports Writing".
Thus far, Dan T sounds to me like a Hobbesian. I could of course be mistaken about that.
Wow, 2 things to address.
1. Cracker's Boy
I'm confused by your last comment. Please note that what I'm about
to say here assumes I understand somewhat reasonably what you're
getting at.
I think you're assuming our "system" is Capitalism. Wrong. We have
subsidies and market controls... no capitalism here. I could
consume 10 lbs of carrots a day and not get fat.. you're right,
consuming more =/= get fat. The system (government) encourages
people indirectly to consume products that will make them more
prone to fatness by making those products artificially cheaper. I'm
not sure where else you were going with your statement. I am
against subsidies, if you cannot tell.
2.MOS (if I may call you that)
The government is (almost) the only one in the business of building
roads. The roads are paid for both through the general budget and
gas taxes. While I do not remember the exact figures, from
previously looking them up I do recall seeing that gas taxes pay
for a large amount of roads. However, this does not counter the
fact that the government built the road system in the first place
and generated the demand that exists today. Can you guarantee that
if we privatized the road system (entirely) that it would be as
expansive and all-encompassing as it is today? This isn't coming
out well, so I'll save it for future comment.
Oh, and private road companies wouldn't have nearly the use of eminent domain to cheapen their projects as the feds used.
M - You can send it directly to me. I have a paypal account you
can use.
Thanks as always!
Reinmoose - You sir are, of course, correct. Or system is indeed
not capitalism. Sadly. And because it is not so, we end up with
these challenging debates over critical life issues. If only it
were. I am ineloquently arguing against those who say capitalism
made fat folks fat. Life is about choices. Complex, interdependent
choices. I yield the floor.
CB
But no, our system doesn't encourage people to become fat.
No way.
I think Dan is having a hard time distinguishing between the system
and the participants in the system.
Reinmoose,
The government is (almost) the only one in the business of
building roads. The roads are paid for both through the general
budget and gas taxes. While I do not remember the exact figures,
from previously looking them up I do recall seeing that gas taxes
pay for a large amount of roads. However, this does not counter the
fact that the government built the road system in the first place
and generated the demand that exists today. Can you guarantee that
if we privatized the road system (entirely) that it would be as
expansive and all-encompassing as it is today? This isn't coming
out well, so I'll save it for future comment.
Don't forget that road construction and maintenance is an
enumerated federal power in the Constitution.
Now, all of this Taco Bell talk is getting me hungry, but I don't
want to hike 8 blocks or so the Pentagon City (the closest TB to
me), so I shall pay a couple of bucks more for chicken tacos at
Chipotle. I hear they are supposed to be evil too, for some reason.
One of those Wal*Mart bashing 'blogs bashes Chipotle too.
I find both Taco Bell and Chipotle to be yummy.
Don't forget that road construction and maintenance is an
enumerated federal power in the Constitution.
This reads as though it's supposed to be sarcastic...
I find both Taco Bell and Chipotle to be yummy.
That's because noone in Virginia knows what mexican food is
supposed to be like. Taco Bell & Chipotle (McDonald's version
of Taco Bell) are preferrable to starvation, but just barely.
Death Cloud is a very depressing person, travels around with a
cloud of death overhead, sort of like the cloud of dust you see
every time Pig Pen makes an appearance in a Peanuts strip.
...about the fat lady that fell into a manhole on top of an LA
DWP worker
Wasn't that from a Chaplin film? Or maybe the Oblongs.
Maybe. this was actually one of those under sidewalk concrete rooms
where all the pipes/cables etc come to a junction point. Big enough
for one person to move around in, but not when a 340 lb woman has
just crushed you like a piano falling out of the window in a Popeye
cartoon. Took Rescue 8 about four hours to get the woman out.
CB - Sure. Just let me, and Dan T, know first (politely, please), absent a teeth-bearing and -baring adjudicating Sovereign, what to do with my buyer's regret.
They didn't compare people doing the same jobs. It turns out
that most of the fat workers had jobs involving physical labor and
heavy lifting and most of the thin workers had jobs without heavy
lifting and only light physical labor. The study was poorly
designed, so no valid conclusion can be drawn from it. A better
study would compare fat and thin workers within the same job
category to control for levels of activity.
http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2007/04/seeing-only-fat.html
That's because noone in Virginia knows what mexican food is
supposed to be like. Taco Bell & Chipotle (McDonald's version
of Taco Bell) are preferrable to starvation, but just
barely.
You sure read funny. Who said they were supposed to be authentic
anything except yummy to the writer?
"Don't forget that road construction and maintenance is an
enumerated federal power in the Constitution."
This reads as though it's supposed to be sarcastic...
Why you find Article I sarcastic is beyond me.
I'm sorry, are you referring to the part about the post office?
I'm not terribly good at navigating all of this legal stuff, but as
far as Article I is concerned, all I see is a reference to post
roads. I don't see any enumerated power (not to mention, a word
implying obligation) referring to highways or expanding roads that
are experiencing an increase in citizen car traffic due to a 400
unit housing development being stuck along it...
Isn't this post about fat people?
(though I'll gladly continue this course of discussion)
"Exactly when did Taco Bell become "our system"? Was it after
they won the Franchise Wars and became the only restaurant?"
Bzzzt! Wake Up, Pete! It's Mac Tonight!
"You don't hear anyone suggesting that to save health care and
workers compensation money, employers fire fat people or stop
hiring them in the first place. It simply isn't part of the
discourse."
Michael Siegel needs to do more Googling. Wal-Mart got a lot of bad
press for suggesting something very much like that back in
2005.
http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/26/news/fortune500/walmart/index.htm
Some people are fat for legitimate reasons. I had a coworker who
was on steroids for a serious autoimmune illness and gained over 50
pounds. Firing somebody because they've got a serious illness is
both uncool and illegal. On the other hand, smoking is voluntary
and has no protected status.
Besides, shouldn't libertarians be celebrating the employer's right
to fire people who smoke? That's the market in action, baby!
My wife took care of a woman who broke her foot walking; just
walking. She was that fat. Fat people are more prone to injury. Fat
people have more complications once injured and otherwise take
longer to heal from an injury. And fat people have all kinds of bad
complication from just being fat; heart disease, diabetes, stroke,
and on ... oh, let's not forget the yeast infections in their
uncleanable folds.
Being overweight is very unhealthy, no shit.
Oh, I also want to point out the irony of that fat tub of goo,
Michael Moore, movieing on about the broken US healthcare system,
wherein cardiovascular disease is the number one killer. Mostly
related to the bad lifestyle choices Moore's pendulous folds
typifies. I hope he ends the film with a bunch of underfed Cubans
riding his fat ass to Florida.
Actually, the study in question found that the overweight employees who were the subjects of the study had 5% lower medical claims costs, 30& fewer lost workdays, and 18% lower indemnity claims than the overall rates for employees of the company. But the scary headlines failed to mention that fact because it doesn't fit in with our desire to hear about how fat people are ruining America and costing us all millions of dollars. I urge you all, including the Reason staffers who write about these issues, to actually read the studies in question before making judgments, rather than just reading press releases and assuming that your biases will be confirmed by the data.
I am completely disgusted by the Reason article which showed
nothing but laziness and prejudice. And the ignorant,
prejudicial
commentary on this thread (but for a few who've tried
unsuccessfully to break through
the fat phobia and hatred present here) is even more contemptible.
Free market most certainly
doesn't equal educated, intelligent or compassionate.
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