Ronald Bailey, Lynne Kiesling & Fred L. Smith from the July 2008 issue
(Page 3 of 6)
The costs of energy rationing are not trivial. Energy is what makes it possible to have mobility, to have labor-saving technology, to have lives that are comfortable, to have hope for the future. Energy rationing would lead to slower economic and technological growth, a darker, less human-friendly world. The trillions we’re talking about spending over the next generations on global warming could go to much better causes, could save lives and inspire hopes today.
But we’ve been told—we’ve heard it from Ron, at least—that we must do something. Perhaps. But why must that something be the expansion of state power over our lives? Why do we limit ourselves to taxes or rationing? There are other alternatives out there.
We could do some more R&D. We could mitigate. What about mirrors in space? What about fertilizing the oceans? Those of us who have looked at NASA and so forth are not overly enamored with government’s ability to underwrite those kind of policies, but we should be equally optimistic about government’s attempt to tax in this academic-blackboard economic way.
Resiliency is what we should be talking about. Not whether taxes or quotas are the better way to suppress freedom, but how we can use the global warming concerns to advance an agenda of freedom. How do we find ways of accelerating economic and technological progress? How do we liberalize the economies of the world? How do we expand the institutions of liberty even into the air sheds?
We can free biotechnology. I’m sure Ron and I both agree with that. If the world is hotter, colder, wetter, drier, we’re going to need the ability to modify our crops much more than we have today. Freeing biotechnology from the regulatory straitjacket it’s in today would be a way of doing that.
As Lynne said, we could complete the job of freeing our electricity system, not just for pricing electricity but also for incentivizing the grid to be smarter and more robust so we can free the trapped electricity that sits idle throughout America. Move fire, storm, and other insurance out of the government subsidy range and put it back into the private sector so we can guide people away from living in high-risk areas.
Unilateral free trade. Extend property rights to water. Liberalize energy exploration. Cuba can drill off the coast of Florida; why can’t America? Where is nuclear power? Certainly Al Gore hasn’t mentioned it. Eliminate the corporate income tax. Accelerate the turnover of capital goods and equipment. That would mean a much more efficient world to live in.
Our agenda is the agenda of freedom, not the agenda of some form of a rational economic suicide pact.
It is understandable that many people grow weary. I know people very close to me who have grown weary in this fight. We get a bit depressed when we realize that logic is for losers in the political process. It’s hard to be the dissident at the cocktail parties. Any of you who have had the situation where your friends look at you and shake their heads sadly and walk away know how hard it is, but our challenge remains to speak truth to power, to find ways to make good policy good politics.
I chaired a global warming panel in Bucharest earlier this year. There are some European think tanks that have withdrawn from this battle also. It’s too costly, they say. It’s too difficult to resist the consensus. We have to give up a little bit. To them, I’ll argue as I do to you today, that we must fight; we must continue to risk. The loss of freedom in the global warming debate is far too great. That is our duty. That is our challenge.
For events of this type have happened before. In August 1914, European nations found themselves trapped in a consensus, a set of entangling treaties that forced them to move in an inexorable way towards disaster, towards World War I. Edward Grey, the British foreign minister, noted, “The lamps are going out all across Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”
Today, fears about global warming are pushing the world towards disaster. This time the threat is not just to the lamps of Europe but to the lamps of the world. Energy suppression, if it happens, might last for many lifetimes.
Statist intellectuals still dominate the global warming debate. We economic liberals are few, but we few are the thin line resisting those who would return us to the Dark Ages. This is not any time to go wobbly.
Matt Welch: Lynne, could you speak to Ron’s critique of cap and trade? Is it basically a great idea in theory that you’re wishing might work someday 20 years in the future? Is Europe really a catastrophe, and what’s keeping it from working?
Kiesling: Just because Europe can’t implement this doesn’t mean the idea is bad. The E.U. carbon scheme is a poster child for what can happen when you have too centralized and too politically motivated a process for allocating the permits. The E.U. decided how many permits each country would have, then each country then got to allocate them among their industries as they saw fit. This was the most politicized process imaginable. With a good market design and good testing and good analysis, we could do better.
Help Reason celebrate its next 40 years. Donate Now!
Try Reason's award-winning print edition today! Your first issue is FREE if you are not completely satisfied.
Nuclear. "Green"s hate it, along with any source of technology
or reasoned discourse (Ignore that ANWR behind the curtain and that
oil China's tapping near Florida. We're screaming about peak oil
here, man!).
Also: space mirrors -- because we need all the sun we can get.
I was heartened to see that liberalization was a possible
solution to the problem, but disappointed that you guys missed the
biggest illiberal cause of global warming: transportation and land
use controls. The US decided in the beginning of the 20th century
that it was giong to forsake the private mass transit operators,
and killed them by overregulation, anti-trust laws, and
(ironically) giving them monopolies over certain areas which
ensured that they didn't receive the competition necessary for
innovation. Eventually, the system collapsed and the US essentially
nationalized the human transportation sector by collecting gas
taxes and building roads from here to Timbuktu. While the gas tax
approximately covers the costs of all these roads and their
maintenance (from big highways to local roads), it does not cover
their opportunity costs - a vital thing in the business world - and
therefore cannot be assumed that they would exist the way they do
if their allocation and upkeep were left up to the private sector.
(As a though experiment, imagine if a sidestreet in NYC were put up
for auction. Likely it would be bought in a second and skyscrapers
would by build on every inch of it. Extend this to one of NYC's
main boulevards, and it's not difficult to imagine most being taken
up by skyscrapers, with a small right-of-way for privately-owned
mass transit.) These roads engender the sort of sprawl and
low-density development that you see across America today.
Furthermore, land use restrictions like mandatory low-density
development and mandatory minimums on parking skew the market
towards low-density development. In Jonathan Levine's Zoned
Out, he finds that a whopping 78% of developers across the US
believe that regulation is the biggest impediment to higher-density
development, with a paltry 26% who think that lack of market
interest is the biggest roadblock (no pun intended).
So, what's wrong with density lower than the market would otherwise
provide? Density is a huge benefit to the environment.
Cities are more environmentally-friendly than suburbs, because
people have to move around less within them. High-density buildings
are good because they share walls, lowering heating and cooling
costs, as well as saving in materials. They take up less space on
the ground which returns more of the land to the wild, where nature
can decide the best way to suck up the carbon from the atmosphere.
However, more than half of all Americans live in the suburbs, with
all the environmental degradation that comes with living somewhere
where you need to drive 10 minutes to get anywhere.
The markets America needs to liberalize to deal with global warming
are transportation and land use, despite the fact that many see
those as only tangentially related to the problem of global
warming. It's disappointing that a conference of libertarians
discussing this issue doesn't even mention it.
These roads engender the sort of sprawl and low-density
development that you see across America today.
The American way of life is non-negotiable, we need to drive and we
need to drive big SUVs. There is no global warming, the increase in
temp was < 1 degree for the last 100 years, that means it
doesn't exist. Peek oil is a myth, there is no other source of
energy on earth and earth has an infinite amount of the oils.
Ignore that ANWR behind the curtain and that oil China's
tapping near Florida. We're screaming about peak oil here,
man!
True, there is enougth oil there for us to use it forever.
Economic theory predicts that the oil supply is infinite because as it becomes scarce the price goes up meaning we will drill in new places. We have got to drill anywhere and everywhere to get more cheep oil to keep the SUVs running.
I don't understand. Are the three of them polar bears? On a
melting iceberg? I didn't know bears could type. Maybe it was being
transcribed. But I didn't see a stenographer. Maybe they ate
her.
If this is true, I can see their situation well-qualifies them to
comment on this debacle.
Re: the picture, similar pictures could have been taken every
spring since the invention of the camera. Icebergs melting is not
an unprecedented event.
And IIRC polar bears can swim.
And IIRC polar bears can swim.
What's more troublesome is that they can climb way up there on ice.
#1 Threat: Bears
The problem with Smith's "solutions" is twofold.
One is that his proposals are merely things we should do
anyway, regardless of global warming problems.
Two is that none of them directly address the central issue, which
can be basically seen as a tragedy of the commons, i.e. no one
individually has the incentive to curb the use of things that
inevitably affect us all. There may be some indirect incentives to
voluntarily reduce greenhouse emissions, such as business PR and
consumer choice among those willing to sacrifice some material gain
in order to feel virtuous, but whether these factors can adequately
compete with material gain worldwide is dubious.
Smith's best argument is that government mechanisms may just make
things worse just because of their inherent inefficiencies. Right
now, there's pretty much no telling for sure! But if we can link a
carbon tax to a reduction of other taxes, I think the chances are
decent of doing more good than harm.
"if anything-should be done about global warming."
Objection; This assumes fact not in evidence.
Fact: No increase in temperature since 1998.
Fact: Greenland used to be green, not a shit of ice.
Where is proof of global warming?
Where is proof that global warming is a danger to human
civilization?
Bailey are you still a member of the ACLU?
"not a shit of ice."
Sorry, I meant "not a sheet of ice."
Apologize if any children were tramutized by reading my post.
Among the (many) unanswered questions was Smith's asking whether
global warming policy is worse than global warming. Discussion of
even Smith's idiotic 20 degrees crisis point versus .07 degrees
change is pointless if you don't monetize the effect. So, also, are
discussions of proposed abatements or alternatives.
In any case, if carbon taxes are intended merely to discourage
carbon use until more environmentally benign but economically
viable alternatives arise, I see two purely political
problems.
First, there is, as far as I know, absolutely zero reason to
believe that governments will impose carbon taxes but reduce other
tax burdens. Who believes that will happen?
Second, given the howls from Americans now at $4 a gallon gasoline,
which Smith significantly compares to current European prices, what
is the likelihood that a tax high enough to genuinely dissuade
usage is politically viable?
Fact: Greenland used to be green, not a shit of
ice.
BZZZZZZZZZZ Sorry Wrong. Core samples from Greenland's ice sheet
date back over 100,000 years.
Thank you for playing, Johnny has some nice parting gifts for
you.
Where is proof of global warming?
Where is proof that global warming is a danger to human civilization?
The temperature in NYC today is going to be 94. Six months ago it
was in the 20s. At this rate in a year the Hudson River will be
near boiling.
First, there is, as far as I know, absolutely zero reason to
believe that governments will impose carbon taxes but reduce other
tax burdens. Who believes that will happen?
Well of course it wouldn't happen on its own or without pressure on
governments to do so. But our entire discussion presumes we as
citizens may have some influence. If a significant political
faction takes the position that it's open to carbon taxes but only
if accompanied by lowered other taxes, then yeah, it's potentially
realistic. If we oppose carbon taxes under any circumstance, we
risk being marginalized and having less influence.
so let me get this strait:
1.There may be global warming, we're not sure.
2.If there is global warming, it might be cause by humans, but
we're not sure.
3.Global warming might cause more harm than good, but we're not
sure.
4. IF GW causes harm, we might be able to slow or stop it, but
we're not sure
5. Slowing or reducing GW may cost more than the damage it would
cause, but we're not sure.
Am I up to speed?
My contribution: The people who say global warming is a looming
threat also say that peak oil is imminent. If oil causes GW, won't
thes two problems cancle each other out without huge growth in
government and corresponding loss of wealth and freedom?
The answer is so simple: One world government. Bicycles. Rice paddies. Secret police to keep the peace. And me as your Dear Leader. Think about it. Loyalty will be rewarded.
Will using white bears in the photo garner more sympathy for the plight of all God's creatures in our race to prevent Mother Earth from becoming a lava planet?
BZZZZZZZZZZ Sorry Wrong. Core samples from Greenland's ice
sheet date back over 100,000 years.
Yes, Greenland has had an ice sheet for a loooong time. But the
climate has been warm enough at times in the past to support
colonies in it southern coastal regions.
Turns out that probably due to warmth and CO2, the earth's
inventory of biomass has increased
6.2% over the past couple of decades.
Now just imagine that it had gone the other way --
decreased by the same amount -- the greenies would be
screaming their heads off.
So why is it again that that's the direction that they're trying to
take us?
Watch those sunspots. Government carbon meddling may well turn
out to be right up there with Fed monetary policy of 1929 -- but
the next Great Contraction may be the biosphere.
Oil at $135 a barrel has done more to reduce AGW that all actions taken by all governments to date.
I don't know ed. This sounds familiar. Throw in some arbitrary power over . . . the Czech Republic, I guess, and I'll pledge my support.
Only the bears in Jellystone park have picnic
baskets.
That is Jellystone, Boo Boo! It's been flooded by the
melting polar ice caps!
All the government talk about GW worries me far more than GW
itself. This will be yet another massive governmental grap for
power.
I am surprised that Reason and many posters here are warming (sorry
for the pun) towards it. Both cap & trade and carbon taxes need
to be opposed strongly. The earth has gone through much much
greater climate changes in the past and it is foolish to believe in
climate stability.
The current climate models are so inaccurate, they have to be
adjusted every year to accurately predict the present. Even the
present temp isn't accurate as there are significant modifications
to the raw weather station data to adjust for land use changes in
the area.
In my opinion, GW anlong with universal health care are scams to
further allow the government to micro-manage our lives. I am so fed
up, I have decided to vote straight L from now on.
Is it just my eyes or does the bigger bear have a picnic
basket?
Yeah. That's the stenographer, there, in the picnic basket.
It's Pic-a-nic baskets, you miscreants!
You aren't smarter than the average pedant.
"The" issue of global warming is actually a series of issues. Is global warming occurring? If so, how much is actually being caused by man and not natural causes? How much can man actually do to mitigate it? Do we really NEED to mitigate it--how much of a problem would GW actually cause, anyway? In short, it's not enough to prove that GW is occurring. Much, much more needs to be proved to show that GW isn't just the latest fear-crazed hysteria of doom-and-gloomers and power-hungry politicians.
But our entire discussion presumes we as citizens may have
some influence...If we oppose carbon taxes under any circumstance,
we risk being marginalized and having less influence.
The game is rigged--you only have influence by granting the
legitimacy of the organization who set up the rules, and by
compromising your beliefs. It's like a person in the 1840's
deciding that the best way to "have influence" on the slavery issue
is to come up with some slightly less onerous way of managing
slaves, instead of being an abolitionist. If a significant
political faction takes a position, ANY position, then you will
have influence.
Or you could reach down your pants, find your long lost
testicles, and tell the world that global warming is a creepy
millenarian scam that tries to extract money from people by telling
them their killing themselves with the fruits of their
prosperity.
Or you could be a Bailey surrender monkey, idk...
Larry N. Martin,
If one does not believe AGW is occurring or that it can result in
serious violations of individuals' rights to self or property or
that those violations are anybody's business, then you would be
correct that advocating coercive means to restrict greenhouse
emissions would be a compromise of libertarian core beliefs. But if
one does believe those things, then while textbook libertarianism
does not account for such a position, it is consistent with the
same principles that criminalize assault and vandalism, and it's
those principles that are most important to my own beliefs.
Global warming is the symptom, overpopulation is the problem. Simple math folks.
"And IIRC polar bears can swim."
If I recall correctly they've been known to swim as much as 50
miles in search of delectable seal morsels.
I think we should have something like the running of the bulls at
Pamplona, only make it with polar bears chasing environmentalists.
Maybe they'd have a more reasonable view of the long-term survival
chances of those cute white bears.
Global warming is the symptom, overpopulation is the
problem.
And nuclear winter is the solution.
But if one does believe those things, then while textbook
libertarianism does not account for such a position, it is
consistent with the same principles that criminalize assault and
vandalism, and it's those principles that are most important to my
own beliefs.
Ah! Now we're getting somewhere. So, to engage in coercive actions,
it's only necessary to *believe* that harm is being done? Or is it
necessary to prove that harm is being done, and the cause of that
harm? If the latter is possible, then it doesn't
matter if there are no property rights in the
atmosphere--what matters is that rights violations are occurring,
and a human cause can be shown for those violations. If the police
won't act on it, you take the violators to court. Neither carbon
taxes nor Cap & Trade are necessary or necessarily helpful
because they don't address individual rights.
Global warming is the symptom, overpopulation is the
problem. Simple math folks.
Are you one of the "overs", or one of the "unders"? Just to know
who to off first, mind you.
Mike Clem wrote:
"Ah! Now we're getting somewhere. So, to engage in coercive
actions, it's only necessary to *believe* that harm is being done?
Or is it necessary to prove that harm is being done, and the cause
of that harm? If the latter is possible, then it doesn't matter if
there are no property rights in the atmosphere--what matters is
that rights violations are occurring, and a human cause can be
shown for those violations. If the police won't act on it, you take
the violators to court. Neither carbon taxes nor Cap & Trade
are necessary or necessarily helpful because they don't address
individual rights. "
DING DING DING! We have a winner! Take a bow, Mike. You nailed
it.
Michael A. Clem,
Well obviously one's beliefs should be based on evidence. My
understanding is that the evidence supports AGL.
When the vast majority of people on Earth are having their rights
violated (to varying degrees) by things the vast majority of people
on Earth are doing (to varying degrees), it's rather hard for
anyone to take anyone else to court, to put it mildly.
My proposal:
Carbon tax.
Set by each country to its revenue-maximizing level, ensuring
competition between governments, and penalizing those who set the
carbon tax rate too high.
Levied at source for simplicity, directly on producers of fossil
fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas), and emitters of other
greenhouse gases as a price per tonne of CO2 equivalent.
The higher energy and product prices get passed along to consumers
who derive benefits from the fossil fuels and derivative products,
and can voluntarily adjust consumption to a more optimal
level.
Critical: The tax proceeds get used to reduce income taxes (since
it's better to tax "pollution" rather than to tax
productivity).
Without that last paragraph, I'd be entirely opposed to a carbon
tax.
"...it's rather hard for anyone to take anyone else to court, to
put it mildly."-fyodor
I will go out on a limb and say that no condition, not even the one
you specified, could possibly make that statement true.
I feel sorry for Fred. He takes his basket of "Planet Gore"
arguments to market and gets totally schooled!
Nice one, Ron. My faith in you as a reluctant rationalist is
restored.
It would have to warm by over 20 degrees C to worry Smith. That's pretty scary.
I can't believe they used that picture.
http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1887890.htm
Smith is one sick mutha. To save a few pennies per gallon, he is
literally willing to fry the planet, devastate every ecosystem on
earth, and put the homes of 1/3 of the people on earth under
water...and that's the best case. There is no assurance that our
atmospheric composition would at all stay breathable under 20C
warming. I hope he would be the first to choke.
I quit reading anything he said after that point.
MikeB | June 9, 2008, 2:24pm | #
The earth has gone through much much greater climate changes in the
past and it is foolish to believe in climate stability.
Yes, and these times of great climate change resulted in mass
extinctions, with much of the life and species on earth
obliterated. I think I'll take the carbon tax instead, thank you
very much.
Chad,
Not sure how your reasoning follows.
Major changes in the past have occured without man's input and now
we are facing a tiny climatic blip. Sure lets destroy our
prosperity because it must be man's fault. This will make the
devestation caused by Rachel Carson's crap look like childs
play.
The temperature numbers are bad.
The models are faulty
There is no evidence of man's impact.
There is no evidence that higher temps are bad (ie extictions were
caused by ice ages)
Right now our congress is passing legislation to destroy our way of
life based on GW hysteria. Starvation has already increased around
the world due to the ethanol scam. I really don't want my standard
of living to be destroyed by the nuts that buy in to this
garbage.
Chad your an idiot.
If most "climate change" is due to the sun or an astroid striking
the earth. Can't do anything about the first, and even now, very
little about the second.
BTW: If you want to pay more taxes, I would be happy to take them
from you and I promise to use it greenly.
For example, instead of renting a car for Vegas I would go
Greyhound.
Thanks.
Frederick,
True, there is enougth (sic) oil there for us to use it forever.
Yes, I'm glad you noticed. See how oil reserves have always grown?
From thousands of barrels before the beginning of the 20th century,
millions a few decades later, to trillions today. That's
technology. When it becomes economical, Canada's tar sand stock
will probably double what's available. And that's ignoring the fact
that ever-abundant cellulose is what all this stuff used to be and
can be transformed into it again, if we figure out how to do it
economically (straight to methonal via sour mash isn't all that
difficult, after all).
Nn related news, Aspen will be open for skiing next week.
http://www.9news.com/news/article.aspx?storyid=93380&catid=188
Great discussion.
Green initiative have historically struggled to embrace a free
market approach. It is a fair point to note that cap and trade is
great in theory and bad in practice. Lobbying in the US is as
strong as in the EU and cap and trade would turn into something
like the CAP.
Libertarians have historically suffered from a similar predicament.
They have failed to embrace ecological solution in favor of
technological ones. GMO mono-culture rather than say perma-culture.
It is the same "ideological" mistake that the Greens fall into.
"Doing something", intervening sounds more "man-like" and seems
more intuitive to our species than trusting the market or nature
without intervention.
But I understand the social challenge that Ron has touched upon.
His social territory is probably conservative or libertarian. It is
those folks who in theory support the "free" and "limited
intervention" but for some reason have been most skeptical of
environmental destruction and least knowledgeable of ecological
laws and nature in general. No - the farmers do not know more about
nature and animals than Thoreau. No - the folks who brought us
mono-culture and factory farming and recently GMO do not know more
about nature and ecology than naturalists. Libertarians and
conservatives usually apply the right policies but sometimes pick
the wrong targets and battles.
Similarly - the Greens are surrounded by ideological and economical
lefties and tend to support the right ecological solutions with the
wrong statist policies.
I hope that we pick the best of both worlds soon and not the other
way around.
The temperature numbers are bad.
The models are faulty
There is no evidence of man's impact.
There is no evidence that higher temps are bad (ie extictions were
caused by ice ages)
Yes, and the earth is flat, smoking doesn't cause cancer, and we
don't need to worry about global warming anyway, because Jesus will
save us. The second coming is nigh!
There is no point in discussing with you further. If God himself
came down and told you that you were wrong, you would stick with
your position all the way to the seventh level of hell. Your
unwillingness to admit you are wrong in spite of both common sense
and overwhelming evidence is amazing.
Terry | June 9, 2008, 8:47pm | #
Chad your an idiot.
If most "climate change" is due to the sun
It isn't. This question has been studied to death. The sun has had
negligible impact on current climate changes.
or an astroid striking the earth.
Most major extinctions and climate events (including the current
one) have nothing to do with asteroids.
BTW: If you want to pay more taxes, I would be happy to take
them from you and I promise to use it greenly.
There are already people out there who do a much better job and
have independant auditors. I'll just use them, but thanks for the
offer.
The Polar Bear pictures were taken by an Australian tourist on vacation in Alaska. The month the pictures were taken was August. They were actual hitching a ride farther off shore to avoid seal hunting quotas put in place by US gov't. they are now being distressed by the Law of the Seas Treaty. They are concerned they may have to give up new born cubs on a 1 to 1 basis to the UN.
"...it's rather hard for anyone to take anyone else to
court, to put it mildly."-fyodor
I will go out on a limb and say that no condition, not even the one
you specified, could possibly make that statement true.
Uh.....your point being, what? That you could always find a way to
take someone to court? Sheesh, okay, I guess I missed one word. It
would be rather hard to legitimately take someone
to court! Better now?
Nn related news, Aspen will be open for skiing next
week.
Heh, yeah it's been a cool spring here in Colorado after a pretty
good snow season. The latter is more a function of moisture than
temperature and the former, well, y'know, back when I followed Ron
B. into AGL denial I gave my lefties royal shit for their
"anecdotal evidence." Don't work no better in the opposite
direction, and just as dumb.
What global warming?
When there's no problem, the right response is to do nothing,
especially when doing something costs a lot of money and provides
little if any benefit.
Didn't the Copenhagen conference just conclude that spending money
to fight global warming would be woefully inefficient, even if you
assume the problem exists?
What global warming?
Exactly. The ice caps are going threatening our liberal
democracies, and the polar bears are just the first wave. Their
numbers are increasing. Soon we will be overrun. The only solution
is to club their ice and melt their seals.
If you're not burning baby seals, you're helping the furry, white
menace threatening goddess gaia!
Craig | June 10, 2008, 2:27pm | #
Didn't the Copenhagen conference just conclude that spending money
to fight global warming would be woefully inefficient, even if you
assume the problem exists?
Copenhagen found that fighting global warming passed a cost-benefit
analysis in every scenario but one, and every scenario they looked
at had the odds stacked against it passing (steep discount rates
that negated most of the benefits, little or no accounting for
species loss and side benefits).
Denying the existence of global warming in the face of the
evidence that has been compiled to date is a good way for
right-libertarians to win back the guffaw-inducing obscurity that
Ron Paul squandered with his intelligent and serious paleo-con
criticism of the Iraq War.
No, I don't want to argue and convince you. I want you to stay
right where you are, keep yammering, and fade back into the comic
relief role you rightfully play in our political culture.
Site comments/questions:
Media Inquiries and Reprint Permissions:
(310) 367-6109
Editorial & Production Offices:
3415 S. Sepulveda Blvd.
Suite 400
Los Angeles, CA 90034
(310) 391-2245